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EBM > Intro to Biostatistics > Flashcards

Intro to Biostatistics Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of Descriptive statistics include represtation of data in what ways?

A

Clustered Column

Pie Chart

3-D Column

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2
Q

What is a frequently used graphical display that is often used in medical literature?

A
  1. A Study Design Flow Chart
  2. Kaplan Meier Estimators
  3. Forest Plots
  4. Line Graphs
  5. Histograms
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3
Q

What does inferential Statistics allow researchers to do?

A

Generalize from our sample of data to a larger group or population

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4
Q

What are inferential statistics used to determine?

A

The probability that a conclusion based on analysis of the data froma sample is true

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5
Q

What are the measurements based on a sample of population subject to?

A

Random Error

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6
Q

The ultimate goal of inferential statistis is what?

A

To be hightly specific about the effect random error has on our sample

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7
Q

What does the ability to estimate how far you might be away from the true value depend on?

A

2 variables.

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8
Q

What are the 2 variables that the ability to esimate in inferential statistics depends on?

A
  1. The sample Size
  2. The Standard Deviation (SD)
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9
Q

Why is it so important to have a large sample size?

A

Because the larger the sample size, the greater the likelihood that our estimate will be close to the truth

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10
Q

If there is relatively little variation found about the mean of the sample, whis is likely regarding the sample mean?

A

It is likeley that the sample mena will lie fairly close to the true value.

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11
Q

What is a variable?

A

Whatever is being observed or measured

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12
Q

A dependent variable is… ?

A

The outcome of interest and changes in response to some intervention

(changes in response to the Independent variable)

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13
Q

An independent variable is…?

A

the intervention or what is being manipulated by the researcher

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14
Q

Explain what a discrete variable is

A

A discrete variable can have only one of a limited set of values that are whole numbers

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15
Q

What is a continuous variable?

A

A continous variable can take any value, within a defined range

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16
Q

What is discrete data?

A

This data has only whole number values

17
Q

What is continuous data?

A

This data can take any value within a predetermined range of values

18
Q

Are many statistical techniques discrete or indiscrete?

A

Indiscrete

19
Q

There are 4 types of Data Sprinkles. What are they?

A
  1. Nominal
  2. Ordinal
  3. Interval
  4. Ratio

(These can be data or variables)

20
Q
  1. Explain what a rate is
  2. Explain what a proportion is
  3. What is a percentage?
A
  1. A fraction that contains a time component

Ex: 1/1000 people will develop pneumonia this year

  1. A type of fraction in which the numerator is a subset of the denominator

Ex: 1/3

  1. A form of proportion where the denominator is artificially set to equal 100
21
Q

A central or typical value for a propability distribtion (or, an average) is known as what?

A

Central Tendancy

22
Q

What is the term for the measure of central tendency for inteval and ratio data?

A

The mean

23
Q
  1. The is the median when talking about central tendency?
  2. What is an important use of the median?
A
  1. It is the value that half of the data points are above and half are below
  2. It is used as a measure of cntral tendency when the mean would be meaningless, as with ordinal data
24
Q

Define the “mode” in central tendency

A
  • the only measure that may be used with nominal data
  • consists of the most frequenly occuring category.
25
Q

What is nominal data derived from?

A

Qualitative measures

26
Q

Explain what the measure of dispersion is

A

It refers to how closely the data cluster around the measure of central tendency

27
Q

What is the term for the difference between the highest and lowest values?

A

The Range

28
Q

The variance is what?

A

It measure how far a set of numbers is spread out

29
Q

What does a small variance indicate?

A

that the data points are very close to the mean and each other

30
Q

Explain what the standard deviation is

A
  • It is the square root of the variance of a random variable or statistical population.
  • The SD is expressed in the same usits as the original measurement
31
Q

The smaller the standard deviation, the closer the numbers are to the ?

A

mean

32
Q
A

EBM (2 decks)

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