Intro to Biochemistry Flashcards
Biochemistry: the basis of all life is…
The chemical reactions that take place within the cell
Chemistry allows for/
Living matter is characterized by:
Complexity and organization Use of energy to do work Dynamic and coordinated Sense and respond to changes in surroundings Self replication allowing evolution
The Central “Dogma” of Molecular Biolofy
Transcription of DNA to RNA, translation of RNA on ribosome to make polypeptide chain
Folding is polypeptide chain (protein)
Biochemistry
Structure and function of biological molecules
Living organisms are
Open systems (Exchange matter and energy with their surroundings)
Organisms exist
In a dynamic and steady state
_______ allows living organisms to transform matter into energy
Energy coupling
______ reduce energy requirement for reactions while offering specificity
Biological catalysts
The cell theory of life
1800s
Living organisms are 1+ cells
Cell basic unit of life, rises from Pre-existing cells
Modern day additions
Energy flow occurs within cells
Cells contain dna
All cells have the same basic chemical composition but can contain unique components
Three distinct domains of life
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Eukaryote cells
Membrane bound nucleus
Membrane enclosed organelles
Animal cells
Ribosomes Peroxisome Cytoskeleton Lysosome Transport vesicle Golgi complex Smooth ER Nucleolus Nucleus Rough ER Mitochondrion Plasma membrane, nuclear envelope
Ribosomes
Protein synthesis
Peroxisome
Oxidates fatty acids (breaks down)
Contain oxidative enzymes that help detoxify the cell
Sometimes produces H2O2
Cytoskeleton
Supports cell, aids in movement of organelles
Cellular shape and division
Intracellular organization and transport paths
Cellular mobility
Consists of microtubules
Actin filaments
Intermediate filaments
Lysosome
Degrades intracellular debris
Acidic, containing degradative enzymes
Digest waste materials and recycle into simple molecules and put haven into cytoplasm
Transport vesicle
Shuttles lipids and proteins between ER, Golgi, and plasma membrane
Golgi complex/apparatus
Processes, packages, and targets proteins to other organelles or for export
Cup shaped sacs
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Site of lipid and carbohydrate synthesis synthesis and drug metabolism
Nucleus
Contains the genes (chromatin)
Also contains nucleolus
Nucleolus
Site of ribosomal RNA synthesis and assembly
Rough ER
Site of much protein synthesis
Flattened sacs and tubules
Covered with ribosomes
Mitochondrion
Oxidizes fuels and produces ATP
Site of cellular respiration, converting O2 and nutrients into ATL
Plasma membrane
separates cell from environment, regulates movement of materials into and out of the cell
Nuclear envelope
Segregated chromatin
(DNA + protein) from cytoplasm
Double layer membrane
Contains nuclear pores
Attached to ER
Cytosol
Very crowded
Parted if the cytoplasm tang is not held by any of the organelles in the cell
Highly viscous, many reactions take place here
30 elements essential for life
Other than C, CHONPS are most common
The major classes of bio molecules
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleus acids
Geometric isomers (cis vs trans)
Have different physical and chemical properties
Stereoisomers
Have different physical properties
Enantiomers (mirror image)
Have identical physical properties (except with regard to polarized light) and react identically with archiral reagents
Diastereomers
Have different physical and chemical properties
If delta G is negative
Reaction is spontaneous (occurs without additional energy)
How to speed reactions up
Higher temps
Higher concentrations of reactants
Changing the reaction by coupling to a fast one
Lower activation barrier by catalysts
Endgonic
Requires energy
Exergonic
Releases energy
Energy coupling
Chemical coupling of exergonic and endergonic reactions allows otherwise unfavorable reactions
Catalysis
A catalyst is a compound that increases the rate of a chemical reaction
Lower activation free energy delta G plus plus
Catalysts first night alter delta G
Enzymatic catalysis offers
Acceleration under mild conditions
High specificity
Possibility for regulation
La Catelelier’s Principle
A+B C + D
Reversible reaction
Change in concentration can affect the equilibrium of a system
Metabolic pathway
Produces energy or valuable materials
Signal transduction pathway
Transmits information
Life on earth arose
3.5-4.3 billion years ago
Evolution
Change in heritable traits of populations of biological organisms over successive generations and is driven by natural selection
Natural selection
Survival of individuals of a population due to differences in phenotypes
“Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution”
Dobzhansky
Biochemical experimental support for early steps necessary for origin of life
Miller and Urey Experiments demonstrating abiotic formation of organic compounds under primitive atmospheric conditions
Origin of life Theory: RNA World?
RNA can act as both the information carrier and bio catalyst
