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EKG > Intro to Basic Electrocardiography > Flashcards

Intro to Basic Electrocardiography Flashcards

1
Q

outer fibrous layer of pericardial layer

A

parietal pericardium

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2
Q

inner layer of pericardial layer

A

visceral pericardium

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3
Q

lubricates two layers

A

pericardial layer

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4
Q

heart wall: 3 layers

A

epicardium

myocardium

endocardium

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5
Q

thin serous membrane on the outer aspect of the heart

A

epicardium

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6
Q

the muscular middle layer of the heart

A

myocardium

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7
Q

thin serous membrane lining the inner chambers of the heart and valves

A

endocardium

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8
Q

contractile ability; the so-called “working cells” of the heart

what cells

A

myocardial cells

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9
Q

branching network of cells is called a ______

A

syncytium

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10
Q

myocardial cells consist of latticework of protein filaments. what are they?

A

actin and myosin

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11
Q

branching cells with a central nucleus

surrounded by sarcolemma

A

cardiomyocytes

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12
Q

special contact points where cells connect are called

A

intercalated disks

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13
Q

______ in the intercalated disks permit rapid conduction of electrical impulses from one cell to the next

A

gap junctions

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14
Q

myocytes all contract as __________ when stimulated

A

a single unit

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15
Q

_____ hold the cells together during contraction

A

desmosomes

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16
Q

what does the plate of fibrous connective tissue between the atria and ventricles do?

A

provides a support structure for AV and semi-lunar valves

separates upper pumping chambers from lower chambers

electrically insulates atria from ventricles (electrical impulses in atria must travel through specific conduction pathways to ventricles )

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17
Q

contraction phase

A

systole

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18
Q

relaxation phase

A

diastole

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19
Q

amount of blood ejected from ventricles during systole

A

stroke volume

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20
Q

usual stroke volume cc

A

60-100 cc of blood ejected into circulation during each systole

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21
Q

CO =

A

HR x SV

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22
Q

stretching force on ventricular muscle at end diastole

A

preload

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23
Q

pressure against which the heart must pump (blood pressure in aorta

A

afterload

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24
Q

BP =

A

CO times peripheral vascular resistance

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25
Q

where are baroreceptors (pressure receptors) located

A

aorta

carotid aa

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26
Q

information from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors is transmitted to the cardioregulatory center in the

A

medulla oblongata

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27
Q

adrenergic system

A

symp

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28
Q

cardioaccelerator - SNS or PNS

A

SNS

increases pacemaker firing

increased impulse conduction through heart

increased force of contraction

coronary vasodilation

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29
Q

Ach and vagus

A

PNS

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30
Q

cardioinhibitor: SNS or PNS

A

PNS

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31
Q

if BP is too low…. what happens?

A

cardioregulatory center activates SNS which:

causes release of epi/norepi

increases HR and contractility

constricts peripheral blood vessels

results in increased CO and BP

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32
Q

if BP is too high, what happens?

A

cardioregulatory center activates PNS which:

causes release of ACh

Decrease HR

Lowered BP

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33
Q

4 key properties of myocardial cells

A

automaticity

excitability

conductivity

contractility

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34
Q

ability of certain cells to produce an electrical impulse without outside nerve stimulation

A

automaticity

35
Q

ability to respond to an electrical stimulus

A

excitability

36
Q

ability to transmit an electrical stimulus from cell to cell

A

conductivity

37
Q

ability to contract when electrically stimulated

A

contractility

38
Q

conductive pathway: two cell types

A

pacemaker cells

electrical conducting cells

39
Q

ability to spontaneously generate an impulse (depolarize) at a certain rate

what kind of cells

A

pacemaker cells

40
Q

carry the electrical impulses to appropriate regions of heart

what kinda cells

A

electrical conducting cells

41
Q

5 pacemaker cells

A

SA node

AV node

Bundle of His

Right and left bundle branches

Purkinje fibers

42
Q

heart’s primary pacemaker

A

SA node (high in posterior right atrium)

43
Q

intrinsic rate of SA node

A

60-100 bpm

44
Q

pathway for impulses to reach ventricles

A

AV node

45
Q

where is AV node located and what is intrinsic rate

A

low right atrium

40-60 bpm

46
Q

acts as a gatekeeper for impulses reaching ventricles by conducting impulses more slowly

A

AV node

47
Q

AV bundle AKA

A

Bundle of His

48
Q

left bundle branches into what two things

A

anterior and posterior fascicles

49
Q

terminal branches of right and left bundles that spread out through the myocardium

A

purkinje fibers

50
Q

intrinsic rate of purkinje fibers

A

20-40 bpm

51
Q

if SA and AV node fail, what takes over

A

purkinje fibers

52
Q

polarized state aka

A

resting state

53
Q

myocardial cells consist of negatively charged ions inside cell and positively charged ions outside the cell

what state

A

polarized state (resting)

54
Q

difference in electrical charge between inside and outside the cell

A

resting membrane potential

55
Q

isoelectric point represents no net ion flow

A

resting state

56
Q

when positive ions (Na+) enter the cell, interior becomes positively charged or _______

what else enters the cell

A

depolarized

Ca2+ ions enter

57
Q

the change in electrical charge over time is called what

A

action potential (or voltage) of cell

58
Q

what happens in repolarization

A

Na+, Ca++, and K+ level the cell and interior of the cell returns to its negatively charged resting state

59
Q

absolute refractory period

relative refractory period

A

absolute - prevents spasms of continued contraction in one area; temp

relative - a very strong stimulus ONLY will cause depolarization

60
Q

how many leads in EKG

A

12

61
Q

bipolar leads have what

A

electrodes of opposite polarity (positive and negative)

62
Q

limb leads:

A

leads I, II, III

63
Q

unipolar leads have what

A

only a positive electrode and a reference point determined by the EDG machine

64
Q

chest/precordial leads

A

V1-V6

65
Q

limb leads: bipolar or unipolar

A

bipolar

66
Q

chest/precordial leads: bipolar or unipolar

A

unipolar

67
Q

augmented limb leads: unipolar or bipolar

A

unipolar

68
Q

einthoven’s triangle = what kind of views

A

frontal plane views

69
Q

standard limb leads

A

leads I, II, III

70
Q

augmented limb leads

A

aVr, aVL, aVF

71
Q

Chest (precordial) leads = what kind of views

A

horizontal plane views

72
Q

each lead provides what

A

different info about direction of the electrical impulse

73
Q

movement toward a positive electrode appears ___ the baseline (upright) on ECG tracing

A

ABOVE

74
Q

movement away from a positive (or toward a negative_ electrode appears ____ the baseline

A

below

75
Q

the ECG records what

A

sum of all the small directional electrical currents - called vectors and their sum is called the electrical axis

76
Q

many small electrical currents in various directions

A

vectors

77
Q

overall direction of the sum of vectors

A

axis

78
Q

impulses traveling toward a positive electrode produces ____ deflections

A

upward deflections

79
Q

impulses traveling perpendicular to the positive node may produce what

A

biphasic waveform one that has both positive and negative deflection

80
Q

impulses traveling away from a positive electrode and/or toward a negative electrode will produce ____ deflections

A

downward

81
Q

p wave represents what

A

atrial depolarizations

82
Q

QRS wave represents

A

ventricular depolarization

83
Q

T wave represents what

A

ventricular repolarizations

84
Q

where is atrial repolarization hidden

A

in QRS wave

EKG (1 decks)

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