intro to athletic injuries Flashcards
What are the main differences b/w ATs and PTs?
populations (AT = athletes; PT - athletes and more); environment (ATs are on the field for rapid response, etc.; PTs > athletes’ rehab and don’t travel with the teams); pay (PTs get paid more, especially if dual credential in sports)
anatomical position
midline
separates the body as it is in the anatomical position into 2 halves, left and right
anterior
also ventral, the front of the body
posterior
aka dorsal, the back of the body
superior
also cranial, cephalic; towards the head
inferior
also caudal; towards the feet
medial
closer to the midline or inside of the body
lateral
away from the midline/outside of the body
distal
farther from the midline/center of the body compared to another body part
proximal
closer to the midline/torso/center of the body in comparison to another body part
superficial
closer to the surface of the skin
deep
farther down the surface of the skin
supination
palms up; term is in reference to the elbow and the wrist
pronation
palms down (in reference to the elbow and wrist)
flexion
decrease the angle b/w two bones; aka “to bend”
extension
increase in angle b/w two bones; aka “to straighten”
abduction
away from the midlinee
adduction
movement toward the midline
dorsiflexion
pointing the foot towards the body
plantar flexion
pointing the foot away from the body
inversion
sole of the foot is turned inwards
eversion
sole of the foot is turned outwards
acute vs. chronic injury
acute injury - specific event causes sudden start of symptoms
chronic injury - slow repetitive motion results in a painful inflammatory condition
What are examples of acute injuries?
bone break or fracture, strain, ligament tear
What are examples of chronic injuries?
bursitis, tendonitis, stress fracture
ligament
soft tissue attaches bone to bone
tendon
soft tissue attaching muscle to bone
What are the most common forces that cause injury?
compression, tension, shear
compression
force that causes injury like a bruise; think of this as a PB and J sandwich smashed together with jelly spitting out
tension
think of this force like pulling a string at both ends until you can’t hold it anymore; leading to injuries like sprains and strains
What is the one main difference between rolling your ankle and spraining your ankle?
the amount of force involved causing the injury
shear
easiest force causing injury; combination of tension and compression; ACL tear, e.g
What is a muscle strain?
a rip or tear in the muscle, whether partial or full
Grade 1 muscle strain
considered a micro tear and cannot be felt by PT
Grade 2 muscle strain
partial tear of the muscle
Grade 3 muscle strain
full tear, or rupture, of the muscle
What is a sprain?
a traumatic injury to a ligament, ranging from Grade 1 to Grade 3
musculotendinous junction
aka MTJ; where muscle transitions to tendon as it approaches bone
From weakest to strongest, list the parts of muscle.
musculotendonous joint, muscle, tendon
Why is the tendon strongest b/w MTJ and muscle?
b/c the tendon acts as the anchor point b/w muscle, MTJ, and bone
PROM
passive range of motion, meaning the athletic trainer is moving the athlete’s joint for them completely thru available ROM
AROM
active range of motion, meaning the athlete moves his or her own joint thru full available ROM
When is resistive ROM used?
- when PT has you “move against my hand” a certain joint or extremity
- when you lift weights/use dumbbells
For rehab, in what order should a PT approach ROMs?
START with PROM
NEXT go with AAROM (active assisted ROM)
THEN go to AROM
‘END’ with RROM
If there is pain in AROM but not PROM, what is likely the issue?
the issue is likely due to a problem with the muscle or tendon
If there is pain in PROM but not AROM, what is likely the issue?
the issue is most likely not-muscle related
inflammation
localized condition of the body that leads to symptoms such as redness and swelling; however, signs of this kickstart the recovery process
When does an injury become “chronic”?
w/ the suffix “itis”; swelling that’s so bad it equates to loss of function and pain, heat, and redness
What are the main signs of inflammation?
- loss of function
- heat
- swelling
- redness
- pain
treatment for inflammation
- protection
- rest
- ice
- compression
- elevation
ice for treating inflammation
ice pack placed on a barrier b/w it and skin; 20 mins, every 2 hours/as needed; no fewer 7 mins on
cryotherapy
“cold therapy” that numbs affected structure upon impact
What is the most effective treatment option for inflammation?
depends on the situation, but there is a more dangerous option (cryotherapy spray + gel ice pack)
muscle contusions
aka bruises due to some form of direct blow; categorized in grades 1, 2, and 3
cramps
not a strain, but rather an involuntary contraction that’s often due to an electrolyte balance; poor nutrition and dehydration also potential causes
spasm
reflex reaction often secondary to a form of trauma; also not a strain
articular cartilage
semi-firm cartilage found in joints; connective tissue + ground substance -> “wax coating” on top of bones
bursitis
inflammation of the bursa sacs found in synovial joints
apophysitis
pain due to inflammation of bony prominence secondary to muscle tension, often caused by tendon pulling on the muscle
subluxation
partial separation of a joint often caused by instability in that joint
dislocation
full separation of a joint; pain and swelling often associated here
What are the signs of a dislocation injury?
- deformity
- pain
- swelling
- loss of function
reduction
when a doctor puts dislocated joint back into place
What are the functions of bones?
- structural support
- organ protection
- movement
- production of blood cells
What are the types of fractures?
- simple
- compound
- stress
- avulsion
- greenstick
- comminuted
- transverse
- longitudinal
fracture
What are the main types of nerve injury?
What is the most common symptoms of nerve injuries?
modalities
ultrasound
stim machine
HIVA mat
What are the stages of healing?
inflammatory stage of healing
proliferation
maturation/remodeling
What are some factors that could delay healing?
