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Anthropology Test 1 > intro to archaeology > Flashcards

intro to archaeology Flashcards

1
Q

define Anthropology

A

the study of humanity focusing on human diversity and evolution

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2
Q

Anthropology is what 3 things?

A

Integrative, Holistic and Comparative

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3
Q

what does holistic mean

A

you view humanity as a whole

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4
Q

what does integrative mean when we talk about anthropology?

A

a series of component parts that work together

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5
Q

what does comparative mean

A

considers similarities and differences without making generalizations

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6
Q

Define biological anthropology

A

the study of humans as biological organisms, emphasis on evolution and variation

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7
Q

what are the 3 subfields of biological anthropology?

A

primatology, paleoanthropology and forensic anthropology

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8
Q

define primatology

A

study of living non human primates & their fossils to understand evolution an behaviour

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9
Q

define paleoanthropology

A

study of human evolution through fossils

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10
Q

define forensic anthropology

A

specializes in the identification of the human skeleton

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11
Q

what is archaeology?

A

the study of human past through the analysis of material remains uses scientific method

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12
Q

what are armchair anthropologists?

A

they draw conclusions without doing their own fieldwork

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13
Q

what did it mean for anthropology when the industrial revolution occurred?

A

it led to the discovery of more artifacts as prior to that time, they did not dig far below the earth

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14
Q

what do uniformitarianism and catastrophism tell us about the earth?

A

how it was formed (terrain, water bodies)

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15
Q

define uniformitarianism

A

physical and chemical processes and forces operating today haven’t changed from the past

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16
Q

define catastrophism

A

idea that the earth was shaped by natural disasters

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17
Q

early archaeology was what?

A

more descriptive than explanatory

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18
Q

who developed the 3 age system and what was it based on?

A

J.C Thomsen; the material of tools

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19
Q

which stage of the 3 age system is the oldest?

A

the stone age

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20
Q

what are the 3 subsets of the 3 age system?

A

Stone, Iron and Bronze

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21
Q

what are the 3 subsets of the stone age?

A

paleolithic, mesolithic and neolithic

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22
Q

which of the stone ages is the oldest?

A

paleolithic

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23
Q

which of the stone ages is the youngest?

A

neolithic

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24
Q

the 3 levels of the paleolithic stone age are?

A

lower, middle, upper

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25
Q

the upper paleolithic stone age is what in comparison to the others?

A

the newest stage

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26
Q

the lower paleolithic stone age is what in comparison to the others?

A

the oldest stage

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27
Q

“lithic” means what?

A

made of rock

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28
Q

Lewis Henry Morgan claimed what?

A

that all societies had the same order of cultural evolution; barbarians, savages and civilized

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29
Q

what was Morgan’s theory called?

A

Unilineal Evolution

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30
Q

who did Morgan believe were the most civilized?

A

Christian Europeans

31
Q

what is unilineal evolution

A

that all societies had the same order of cultural evolution

32
Q

Charles Darwin was known for what?

A

origin of species; natural selection; survival of the fittest

33
Q

Darwin believed in what kind of evolution?

A

Multilinear Cultural Evolution

34
Q

what is Multilinear Cultural Evolution?

A

the idea that all societies and their cultures take different pathways of change

35
Q

Flinders Petrie did what?

A

found similarities in different sites connecting civilizations

36
Q

Petrie believed what?

A

emphasized the importance of defining past societies in distinct groups based on their material culture

37
Q

V. Gordon Childe believed what?

A

changes in archaeological record reflected change in society and material aspects of culture

38
Q

who documented the neolithic & urban revolutions?

A

Childe

39
Q

what did the neolithic & urban revolutions mean for society?

A

they relied more on plants and animals

40
Q

Archaeological culture is what?

A

a group of similar artifacts from a certain time & place that reflect the material culture of a past society

41
Q

how is archaeological culture named?

A

the type of artifact found or the place it came from (clovis culture- site, linear pottery culture- artifact)

42
Q

does archaeological culture relate to REAL past civilizations?

A

NO

43
Q

define induction

A

drawing general conclusions on the basis of available data

44
Q

define reduction

A

drawing conclusions from the general laws and models

45
Q

which tests a hypothesis: induction or reduction?

A

reduction

46
Q

what are the two types of reduction archaeology?

A

processual and new

47
Q

what are the forms of processual archaeology?

A

ecological, darwinian, HBE (human behaviour ecology) and NCT (niche construction theory)

48
Q

ecological, darwinian, HBE (human behaviour ecology) and NCT (niche construction theory) are forms of what?

A

processual archaeology

49
Q

describe ecological archaeology

A

the role of ecology in shaping culture & technology

50
Q

describe darwinian archaeology

A

applies the idea of natural selection to culture change

51
Q

describe HBE (human behavioural ecology)

A

ecological models to explain human decisions

52
Q

describe NCT (niche construction theory)

A

how humans create ecological niches to maximize survival

53
Q

what is an example of NCT?

A

controlled burning

54
Q

define processual archaeology

A

the “new archaeology” focused on using the scientific method & hypothesis testing

55
Q

Lewis Binford believed what?

A

archaeology should be a science or nothing at all

56
Q

T or F: archaeology can tell archaeologists about the past IF the correct questions/hypothesis are asked.

A

TRUE

57
Q

having an external understanding of society is called what?

A

ETIC

58
Q

having an internal understanding of society is called what?

A

EMIC

59
Q

Binford was what, etic or emic?

A

ETIC

60
Q

Ian Hodder emphasized and argued what?

A

the importance of context; archaeologists should emulate historians

61
Q

define post processual archaeology

A

focuses on beliefs, symbols & context specific interpretations

62
Q

focuses on beliefs, symbols & context specific interpretations– this is an example of what kind of archaeology?

A

post processual

63
Q

does post processual archaeology have multiple explanations?

A

NO. one single explanation

64
Q

what are 3 types of PP archaeology?

A

gender, agency theory & landscape

65
Q

describe gender archaeology

A

to study and represent gender (gender studies)

66
Q

describe agency theory

A

actions of members of society are the focus

67
Q

describe landscape archaeology

A

the importance of landscapes in the past

68
Q

what are 2 complimentary approaches to both processual & post processual archaeology?

A

ecodynamics & network/boundary research

69
Q

describe ecodynamics

A

combining human agency with complex environmental interactions

70
Q

network/boundary research is what?

A

focused on alliance and community formation

71
Q

define cultural heritage

A

the record of ancestors of particular groups

72
Q

how is cultural heritage used?

A

political purposes– ex: Hilter and Aryan race

73
Q

List 3 threats to cultural heritage

A

natural disasters, war, intentional destruction

74
Q

define indigenous archaeology

A

work being done by indiegnous archaeologists, involving indigenous people in the design, excavation, etc., and a collab of nonindigenous/indigenous peoples

Anthropology Test 1 (5 decks)

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