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Antibiotics > Intro to antibiotics > Flashcards

Intro to antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of antibiotics?

A

Bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal

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2
Q

What is a bacteriostatic antibiotic?

A

Stops replication of bacteria

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3
Q

What is a bacteriocidal antibiotic?

A

Kills the bacteria

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4
Q

What is are the 6 parts of a bacterial cell that antibiotics can target?

A

1) Folic acid synthesis
2) DNA Damage
3) DNA Topisomerases
4) mRNA synthesis
5) Cell wall synthesis
6) Protein synthesis

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5
Q

What is the importance of folic acid within bacteria?

A

Bacteria use folic acids in order to synthesize nucleic acids that make up their DNA.

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6
Q

What are the two classes of antibiotics used to inhibit folic acid synthesis?

A

1) Sulfonamides

2) Trimethoprim

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7
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Sulfamethoxazole?

A

It blocks the binding of PABA to pteridine, resulting in a pteridine-sulfa drug complex.

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8
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Trimethoprim?

A

Blocks the production of tetrahydrofolic acid by inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase, therefore no folic acid.

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9
Q

Why is THF (tetrahydrofolate) so important?

A

It is an essential factor needed for the production of thymidine which is required for synthesis of DNA and RNA.

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10
Q

What are the two classes of antibiotics used to inhibit DNA Topoisomerases?

A

1) Fluoroquinolones

2) Quinolone

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11
Q

What are the names of the drugs under the class ‘Fluoroquinolones’? (2)

A

Ciprofloxacin

Levofloxacin

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12
Q

What is the name of the drug under the class ‘Quinolone’? (1)

A

Nalidixic acid

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13
Q

What is the mechanism of action of DNA Topoisomerases inhibitors?

A

Binds to enzymes to prevent the separation of replicating DNA (Phosphodiester backbone).

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14
Q

Which antibiotic causes the damage of bacterial DNA?

A

Metronidazole

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15
Q

What type of antibiotic is it and what is the mechanism of action of ‘Metronidazole’?

A

Bacteriocidal
Damages microbial DNA and inhibits nucleic acid
Causes the formation of ROS which leads to DNA fragmentation.

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16
Q

Which drug inhibits mRNA synthesis?

A

Rifampin

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17
Q

What is the mechansim of action of Rifampin?

A

Inhibits transcription by targetting RpoB (encodes B-subunit of RNA polymerase).

18
Q

What are the names of the classes of antibiotics which inhibit protein synthesis in the 50S subunit of the bacteria? (2)

A

1) Macrolides

2) Streptogramins

19
Q

What are the names of the generic mRNA synthesis inhibitors, 50S (3)?

A

1) Chloramphenicol
2) Clindamycin
3) Linezolid

20
Q

What are the three drugs under the class ‘macrolides’?

A

1) Azithromycin
2) Clarithromycin
3) Erythromycin

21
Q

What are the names of the classes of antibiotics which inhibit protein synthesis in the 30S subunit of the bacteria? (2)

A

1) Aminoglycosides

2) Tetracyclines

22
Q

What are the 3 drugs under the class ‘Tetracyclines’?

A

Tetracycline
Doxycycline
Minocycline

23
Q

What is the mechanism of action of the ‘macrolides’?

A

They bind reversibly to the 50S subunit and prevent the transfer of peptidyl-t RNA from the A-site to P site, therefore inhibiting translocation.

24
Q

What is the mechanism of action of the ‘tetracyclines’?

A

It inhibits the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex. They do so mainly by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit in the mRNA translation.

25
Q

What is the mechanism of action of the ‘aminoglycosides’?

A

Aminoglycosides bind to the 30s ribosomal sub-unit and cause a misreading of the genetic code. This subsequently leads to the interruption of normal bacterial protein synthesis.

26
Q

What are the class of antibiotics that inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis?

A

Glycopeptides

27
Q

What are the two drugs under the class ‘glycopeptides’?

A

Vancomycin

Bacitracin

28
Q

What is the mechanism of action of ‘Vancomycin’?

A

Inhibits the second stage of cell wall synthesis of susceptible bacteria by binding to D-Ala D-Ala

29
Q

What is the suffix of the class of antibiotics that inhibit ergosterol?

A

Azoles

30
Q

What is the mechanism of action of the ‘Azoles?’

A

They inhibit 14-a demythylase which causes disruption of the cell wall.

31
Q

What is the name of the class of antifungals that inhibit cell wall synthesis?

A

Echinocandins

32
Q

Name two ‘Echinocandins’

A

Caspofungin

Micafungin

33
Q

What is the mechanism of action of ‘Echinocandins’? (Caspofungin)

A

Blocks the synthesis of β(1,3)-d-glucan of the fungal cell wall, by non-competitive inhibition of the enzyme β(1,3)-d-glucansynthase. β(1,3)-d-Glucanis an essential component of the cell wall of numerous fungal species.

34
Q

What is the name of the antibiotics that inhibit the formation of membrane pores?

A

Polyenes

35
Q

Name two ‘Polyenes’

A

Amphotericin B

Nystatin

36
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Amphotericin B?

A

binds irreversibly to ergosterol, resulting in disruption of membrane integrity and ultimately cell death. Increase ROS entry

37
Q

What is the name of the drug that inhibits nucelic acid synthesis?

A

Flucytosine

38
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Flucytosine?

A

It is converted to fluorouracil by cytosine deaminase. This inteferes with RNA and protein synthesis?

39
Q

What is fluorouracil metabolised into that inhibits Thymydylate synthetase (prevents DNA synthesis)?

A

5-fluorodeoxyuridylic acid

40
Q

What are the 3 main resistance mechanisms of bacteria?

A

1) Efflux
2) Drug target
3) Degradation

Antibiotics (1 decks)

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