Intro to Antibiotics Flashcards by Jessica Hyde | Brainscape

Q

Penicillin G belongs to which drug class?

A

Penicillins

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Q

Ampicillin belongs to which drug class?

A

Aminopenicillins

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Q

Amoxicillin belongs to which drug class?

A

Aminopenicillin

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Q

Methicillin belongs to which drug class?

A

Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins

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Q

Nafcillin belongs to which drug class?

A

Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins

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Q

Oxacillin belongs to which drug class?

A

Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins

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Q

Dicloxacillin belongs to which drug class?

A

Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins

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Q

Piperacillin belongs to which drug class?

A

Anti-Pseudomonal Penicillins

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Q

Cefazolin belongs to which drug class?

A

First Generation Cephalosporins

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Q

Cephalexin belongs to which drug class?

A

First Generation Cephalosporins

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Q

Cefuroxime belongs to which drug class?

A

Second Generation Cephalosporins

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Q

Cefaclor belongs to which drug class?

A

Second Generation Cephalosporins

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Q

Cefprozil belongs to which drug class?

A

Second Generation Cephalosporins

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Q

Cefotetan belongs to which drug class?

A

Cephamycins

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Q

Cefoxitin belongs to which drug class?

A

Cephamycins

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Q

Cefotaxime belongs to which drug class?

A

Third Generation Cephalosporins

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Q

Cefixime belongs to which drug class?

A

Third Generation Cephalosporins

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Q

Cefdinir belongs to which drug class?

A

Third Generation Cephalosporins

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Q

Ceftibuten belongs to which drug class?

A

Third Generation Cephalosporins

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Q

Ceftazidime belongs to which drug class?

A

Third Generation Cephalosporins

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Q

Ceftriaxone belongs to which drug class?

A

Third Generation Cephalosporins

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Q

Cefpodoxime Proxetil belongs to which drug class?

A

Third Generation Cephalosporins

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Q

Cefditoren Pivoxil belongs to which drug class?

A

Third Generation Cephalosporins

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Q

Cefepime belongs to which drug class?

A

Fourth Generation Cephalosporins

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Q

Ceftaroline Fasamil belongs to which drug class?

A

Fifth Generation Cephalosporins

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Q

Ceftolozane belongs to which drug class?

A

Fifth Generation Cephalosporins

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Q

Imipenem belongs to which drug class?

A

Carbapenems

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Q

Meropenem belongs to which drug class?

A

Carbapenems

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Q

Doripenem belongs to which drug class?

A

Carbapenems

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Q

Ertapenem belongs to which drug class?

A

Carbapenems

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Q

Aztreonam belongs to which drug class?

A

Monobactams

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Q

Vancomycin belongs to which drug class?

A

Glycopeptides

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Q

Telavancin belongs to which drug class?

A

Lipoglycopeptides

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Q

Dalbavancin belongs to which drug class?

A

Lipoglycopeptides

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Q

Oritavancin belongs to which drug class?

A

Lipoglycopeptides

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Q

CLavulanic Acid belongs to which drug class?

A

Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors

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Q

Sulbactam belongs to which drug class?

A

Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors

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Q

Tazobactam belongs to which drug class?

A

Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors

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Q

Linezolid belongs to which drug class?

A

Oxazolidinones

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Q

Tedizolid belongs to which drug class?

A

Oxazolidinones

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Q

Erythromycin belongs to which drug class?

A

Macrolides

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Q

Clarithromycin belongs to which drug class?

A

Macrolides

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Q

Azithromycin belongs to which drug class?

A

Macrolides

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Q

Fidaxomicin belongs to which drug class?

A

Macrolides

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Q

Telithromycin belongs to which drug class?

A

Ketolides

Q

Quinupristin belongs to which drug class?

A

Streptogramins

Q

Dalfopristin belongs to which drug class?

A

Streptogramins

Q

Doxycycline belongs to which drug class?

A

Tetracyclines

Q

Tetracycline belongs to which drug class?

A

Tetracyclines

Q

Minocycline belongs to which drug class?

A

Tetracyclines

Q

Demeclocycline belongs to which drug class?

A

Tetracyclines

Q

Tigecycline belongs to which drug class?

A

Glycylcyclines

Q

Streptomycin belongs to which drug class?

A

Aminoglycosides

Q

Gentamicin belongs to which drug class?

A

Aminoglycosides

Q

Tobramycin belongs to which drug class?

A

Aminoglycosides

Q

Amikacin belongs to which drug class?

A

Aminoglycosides

Q

Neomycin belongs to which drug class?

A

Aminoglycosides

Q

Paromomycin belongs to which drug class?

A

Aminoglycosides

Q

Moxifloxacin belongs to which drug class?

A

Fluoroquinolones

Q

Ciprofloxacin belongs to which drug class?

A

Fluoroquinolones

Q

Ofloxacin belongs to which drug class?

A

Fluoroquinolones

Q

Gatifloxacin belongs to which drug class?

A

Fluoroquinolones

Q

Gemigloxacin belongs to which drug class?

A

Fluoroquinolones

Q

Levofloxacin belongs to which drug class?

A

Fluoroquinolones

Q

Sulfamethoxazole belongs to which drug class?

A

Sulfonamides

Q

Trimethoprim belongs to which drug class?

A

Benzylpyrimidines

Q

Polymixin B belongs to which drug class?

A

Polymixins

Q

Colistin belongs to which drug class?

A

Polymixins

Q

What is another name for penicillin class?

A

Beta Lactam

Q

Penicillin MOA

A

Cell wall synthesis inhibitor –> interfers with the transpeptidase reaction

Inhibiting the penicillin-binding protein/transpeptidase inhibits peptidoglycan cell wall cross linking

Q

What are the forms of resistance to penicillins?

A

Beta lactamases break the beta lactam ring of penicillin
Alteration of the molecular structure of penicillin binding protein/transpeptidase
Upregulation of penicillin efflix pumps

Q

Types of penicillins?

A

Penicillin G
Aminopenicillins
Penicillinase Resistant Penicillins
Antipseudomonal penicillins

Q

Penicillin G kills which bacteria?

A

S. pneumoniae 
S. pyogenes 
S. viridans 
N. meningitidis 
T. pallidum 
C. perfringens

Q

Major reaction to penicillin-class drugs?

A

Hypersensitivity

Q

What are aminopenicillins commonly combined with?

A

Beta-lactamase inhibitors

(increases spectrum to include beta-lactamase producing bacteria

Q

Aminopenicillins kills which bacteria?

A

E. coli 
Proteus 
Salmonoella 
Shigella 
H. influenzae 
Klebsiella 
B. fragilis

Q

What is special about penicillinase-resistant penicillins?

A

They were developed as a modified penicillin G to decrease its susceptibility to beta-lactamase

Q

Which class of bacteria is penicillinase-resistant penicillins effective against?

A

Staphylococcal (aureus and epidermidis)

Q

How do bacteria develop resistance to penicillinase-resistant penicillins?

A

Reduced affinity for the P-R-P in the binding pocket of transpeptidase

Q

Antipseudomonal penicillins were developed to treat which bacteria?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Also treats Klebsiella pneumoniase, E. coli, H. influenzae, and B. fragilis

Q

What kind of drug is antipseudomonal penicillin commonly combined with, and what classes of bacteria does this combination treat?

A

Combined with a beta-lactamase inhibitor (piperacillin + tazobactam)
Treats s. aureus and Enterococcus faecalis

Q

MOA of Cephalosporin family

A

Inhibits the formation of the cell wall by binding to and inhibiting transpeptidase

Q

What is the primary mechanism that renders Cephalosporin drugs inactive?

A

Beta-lactamases

They break the beta-lactam ring, rendering the cephalosporin inactive. HOWEVER, cephalosporins are most stable than penicillins

Q

Which two bacteria are resistant to cephalosporins?

A

Klebsiella and E. Coli

Q

Other mechanisms of bacterial resistance to cephalosporins?

A

Altering porins
Altering the molecular structure of transpeptidase
Upregulation of cephalosporin efflux pumps

Q

General trends of cephalosporin coverage

A

First generation has better gram (+) coverage

Third generation has better gram (-) coverage

Q

Main side effect of cephalosporins?

A

Hypersensitivity - maculopapular rash develops several days post-therapy
Sometimes accompanied with eosinophilia or fever

Q

First generation cephalosporins available in the US

A

Cefazolin

Cephalexin

Q

Main bacteria treated by first-generation cephalosporins?

A

Gram (+) cocci such as staph aureus

EXCEPTIONS: MRSA, enterococci, and staph epidermidis

Q

Other bacteria covered by first-generation cephalosporins?

A

Moderate gram (-) 
Anaerobic cocci (NOT b. fragilis)

Q

Second generation cephalosporins available in the US

A

Cefaclor
Cefprozil
Cefuroxime
Also: cefotetan and cefoxitin, but these are cephamycins that are structurally similar

Q

Coverage of second-generation cephalosporins?

A

Same as the first generation, with expanded gram (-) to include Klebsiella

Q

Cefaclor, Cefprozil, and Cefuroxime have activity against which bacteria?

A

H. influenzae, N. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae

Moderate coverage of E. coli and Klebsiella

Q

Cefoxitin and Cefotetan have activity against which bacteria?

A

B. fragilia and Serratia

these are cephamycins

Q

What bacteria is NOT covered by second generation cephalosporins?

A

P. aeruginosa

DO NOT TREAT ENTEROBACTER WITH 2ND GEN

Q

Adverse reactions to second generation cephalosporins?

A

Hypersensitivity

Cefotetan - hypothrombinemia and bleeding, can cause a disulfiram-like reaction (do not drink alcohol while using)

Q

Which third generation cephalosporins are available in the US?

A

Cefotaxime, cedixime, cefdinir, ceftibuten, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefpodoxime proxetil (–> cefpodoxime), cefditoren pivoxil (–> cefditoren)

Q

Spectrum of coverage by third generation cephalosporins?

A

Compared to first generation: more gram (-) bacteria, less gram (+) (especially strep and staph)

Q

Specific classes of bacteria covered by third generation cephalosporins?

A

Neisseria and Haemophilus

Q

Which third generation cephalosporin is active against P. aeruginosa?

A

Ceftazidime

Q

Cefotaxime and ceftriaxone have poor activity against _____?

A

B. fragilis

Q

Are cefpodoxime and cefditoren more or less potent than cefotaxime?

A

Less

Q

Third generation cyclosporin active against e. coli, h. influenzae, p. mirabilis, and s. pyogenes

A

Cefixime, Cefpodoxime, Cefdinir, and Ceftibuten

Q

Adverse effects of third generation cyclosporins?

A

Hypersensitivity

Ceftriaxone: neonatal jaundice, biliary pseudolithiasis

Q

Name the single fourth generation cyclosporin

A

Cefepime

Q

Which species of bacteria are covered by fourth generation cyclosporins?

A

Enterobacter and Pseudomonas

Q

Name the fifth generation cyclosporins

A

Ceftaroline fosamil (–>ceftaroline) and ceftolozane

Q

What other drug is ceftolozane co-formulated with?

A

Tazobactam (beta-lactamase inhibitor)

Q

What kind of bacteria is ceftaroline effective against? How?

A

MRSA, penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae

Has increased binding to transpeptidase

Q

What kind of bacteria is ceftolozane effective against?

A

Pseudomonas

Co-formulated with beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam to increase activity against Enterobacteriaceae