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BIOL 2312 > Intro to Animal Organization and Physiology > Flashcards

Intro to Animal Organization and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

From smallest to largest, what are the 5 levels of organization in the human body?

A

Cells, tissue, organs, organ system, and organism

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2
Q

All cells arise from division of ____ cells.

A

Preexisting

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3
Q

What two general classes of cells does the human body contain?

A

Somatic or body cells and Germ or reproductive cells: sperm and eggs

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4
Q

What is a somatic cell?

A

Body cells

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5
Q

What is a germ cell?

A

Reproductive cells: sperm and eggs

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6
Q

To work efficiently, several different types of cells must _____ their efforts.

A

coordinate

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7
Q

Provide the definition of a tissue:

A

Collection of specialized cells and cell products that carry out a limited number of function

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8
Q

When are tissues formed?

A

When the same type of cells act together in a function.

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9
Q

Define what an organ is?

A

Collection of tissues working together to perform a function. Eg. lungs, liver, stomach, intestines, kidneys.

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10
Q

Do the functions of organ systems share significant overlap?

A

Yes, eg. the nervous system and the endocrine system both operate via a shared organ: the hypothalamus.

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10
Q

What constitutes an organ system?

A

Two or more organs working together in the execution of a specific body function. Eg. Digestive system, cardiovascular system, nervous system, etc.

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11
Q

Describe the levels of organization in a multicellular organism? provide examples for all.

A

Chemical level: a molecule in the membrane that encloses the cell.

Cellular level: a cell in the stomach lining.

Tissue level: layers of tissue in the stomach wall

Organ level: The stomach

Organ/body system: Digestive system

Organism: the whole body

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12
Q

What are the two classifications of organisms based on the number of cell?

A

Unicellular organisms- single cells eg. bacteria

Multicellular organisms- many cells eg. humans, animals

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13
Q

What is functions are a distinction of multicellular organisms?

A

have complex bodies as it performs multitude functions such as respiration, digestion, movement, and blood circulation.

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14
Q

All life on earth began as a single cell. T/F

A

True. These single cells were able to survive on their own for billions of years before aggregating together to form multiple groups.

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15
Q

The evolution of multicellularity is a major transition in ______.

A

Individuality, from autonomously replicating cells to groups of interdependent cells forming higher levels of organization.- evolution of life.

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16
Q

Why did the transition into multicellular life begin?

A

evolution of cooperation, where cells unite together and gain an advantage over solitary cells

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17
Q

What is one driving factor mentioned for evolving multicellularity?

A

predation

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18
Q

What drove the early evolution of multicellularity?

A

Experimental evolution suggests that increase of cell-cell adhesion (triggered by environmental changes)

19
Q

What are two ways multicellular organization may come about?

A

Aggregation of generally distinct cells

or

incomplete separation after cell division.

20
Q

What are the major features for unicellular organisms?

A
  • They are microscopic
  • reproduce via asexual methods like fragmentation, budding, and binary fission
  • some can reproduce sexually by means of conjugation
  • exchange materials (ions and molecules) with fluid in their external environment
  • more challenging to survive
21
Q

Can unicellular organisms reproduce sexually?

A

Some can by conjugation

22
Q

What are some asexual methods that unicellular organisms reproduce?

A

fragmentation, budding, binary fission

23
Q

Is being unicellular more or less challenging for survival?

24
Q

Give the full definition of multicellular organisms?

A

Living organisms which consist of multiple different types of cells with distinct cell organelles capable of carrying out life processes or separate cellular actives inside a body.

25
Q

What are some major features of multicellular organisms?

A
  • macroscopic
  • reproduce via sexual mechanism by fertilization (fusion of male and female gamete) to produce a zygote.
  • Some have asexual reproductive means by budding and spore formation
  • use internal microenvironment for exchange of materials.
  • survival advantages
26
Q

What is the method via most multicellular organisms reproduce?

A

sexual mechanism in fusion of male and female gamete (fertilization) to produce a zygote.

27
Q

True or False, multicellular organisms CANNOT reproduce asexually.

A

False. Some multicellular organisms can reproduce by budding or spore formation.

28
Q

Major differences between unicellular and multicellular organisms: cell shape.

A

U: irregular
M: definite

29
Q

Major differences between unicellular and multicellular organisms: Cell organization

A

U: simple
M: complex

30
Q

Major differences between unicellular and multicellular organisms: Nature

A

U: microscopic
M: macroscopic

31
Q

Major differences between unicellular and multicellular organisms: cell type

A

U: prokaryotes and eukaryotes
M: eukaryotes only

32
Q

Major differences between unicellular and multicellular organisms: Cell differentiation

A

U: generally absent, but unicellular yeasts may undergo differentiation
M: Specialized cell differentiation

33
Q

Major differences between unicellular and multicellular organisms: Life span

A

U: short
M: long

34
Q

Major differences between unicellular and multicellular organisms: Division of labor

A

U: limited to the organelle level
M: specifiedto cellular, tissues and organ system level

35
Q

Major differences between unicellular and multicellular organisms: Operational efficiency

A

U: low
M: high

36
Q

Major differences between unicellular and multicellular organisms: Regeneration ability

A

U: Greater tendency to regenerate
M: Low regeneration tendency

37
Q

Major differences between unicellular and multicellular organisms: Reproductive methods

A

U: budding and binary fission
M: Gamete fusion

38
Q

Major differences between unicellular and multicellular organisms: Transport mechanism

A

U: For food and water occurs through simple diffusion
M: For food and water occurs by diffusion, active and passive transport methods.

39
Q

What is histology the study of?

A

The study of tissues

40
Q

What are the four basic tissue types?

A

Epithelial Tissue
Connective Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Neural Tissue or Nervous Tissue

41
Q

What is the definition of epithelial tissue?

A

Tissue that lines internal passageways and covers exposed external surfaces, forms glands

42
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Fills in internal free spaces, transports materials within the body, stores energy, and forms supportive network.

43
Q

What is muscle tissue?

A

Specialized in contraction, produce movement

44
Q

What is nervous tissue?

A

Generates and conducts nervous impulses.

45
Q

what are the three junctions that link cells into tissues?

A
  1. Tight Junctions
  2. Anchoring junctions
  3. Gap junctions

BIOL 2312 (1 decks)

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