Intro to Anatomy

Question 1

What is the Sagittal, coronal and axial/transverse planes?

Answer 1

Sagittal- vertical plane passing through midline of body dividing into left and right
Coronal - vertical plane passing body at right angle to Sagittal plane dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back)
Axial - horizontal plane dividing the body into superior and inferior parts

Question 2

What is lateral and medial?

Answer 2

Medial is closer to Sagittal plane and lateral is further from it

Question 3

What is superficial and deep?

Answer 3

Superficial is closer to the surface of the body and deeper in further in

Question 4

What is proximal and distal?

Answer 4

Proximal is closer to the starting point/origin of body and distal is further from it

Question 5

What is ipsilateral and contralateral?

Answer 5

Ipsilateral is the same side of the body eg. Right leg and right arm
Contralateral is opposite side of body eg. Right leg and left arm

Question 6

What is supine and prone?

Answer 6

Supine is lying on your back in the anatomical position and prone is lying on your front face down

Question 7

What is flexion and extension?

Answer 7

Flexion is when a joint becomes more bent and extension is the opposite where it is moved to a more straight position

Question 8

What is abduction and adduction?

Answer 8

Abduction is movement away from the midline and adduction is moving towards the midline

Question 9

What is lateral flexion?

Answer 9

Movement of the trunk which takes place at the intervertebral discs eg when the upper body bends towards the side. Can also take place in neck.

Question 10

What is pronation and supination?

Answer 10

Pronation- rotation of forearm so that the palm of hand faces down
Supination- rotation of forearm so that the palm of hand faces up

Question 11

What is protraction and retraction?

Answer 11

Protraction- to move forwards eg jaw moving forwards at the TMD joints or scapula gliding anteriorly
Retraction- to move backwards eg opposite to examples

Question 12

What is Opposition?

Answer 12

Where the thumb and the little finger meet

Question 13

What is inversion and eversion?

Answer 13

Inversion- sole of foot faces inwards towards other foot

Eversion- sole of foot faces outwards

Question 14

What is Dorsiflexion and Plantarflexion?

Answer 14

Dorsiflexion is the flexion of the ankle so that foot holds more superiorly (toes point up)
Plantarflexion is the extension of the ankle so that the foot holds more inferiorly (toes point down)

Question 15

What is synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis and diarthrosis?

Answer 15

synarthrosis- immovable joints
amphiarthrosis- slightly moveable joints
diarthrosis- freely moveable joints

Question 16

What are fibrous joints?

Answer 16

bones bound by tough fibrous tissue and typically are joints that require strength

Question 17

Fibrous joints can be sub-classified into sutures, gomphoses and syndesmoses. What are they?

Answer 17

sutures are immovable joints (synarthrosis) and are only found between the flat plate-like bones of the skull. limited movement until you are 20 and then they become fixed in place. important at birth as they joints are not fused which allows deformation of the skull as it passes through the birth canal.
gomphoses are immovable joints and are found where the teeth articulate with their sockets in the maxilla (upper teeth) and mandible (lower)
syndesmoses are slightly moveable joints (amphiarthroses) and are comprised of bones held by the interosseous membrane.

Question 18

what are cartilaginous joints? and what are the two main types?

Answer 18

bones held together by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage. two main types are synchondroses (primary cartilaginous) and symphyses (secondary cartilaginous)

Question 19

what are synchondroses and symphyses?

Answer 19

synchondroses are immovable bones connected by hyaline cartilage
symphyses are slightly moveable bones covered by a layer of hyaline cartilage and united by a layer of fibrocartilage

Question 20

What is a synovial joint?

Answer 20

Fluid-filled joint cavity contained within a fibrous capsule. Freely moveable (diarthrosis) and the most common joint type

Question 21

What is a hinge?

Answer 21

Synovial joint that permits movement in one plane (usually flexion and extension) eg elbow, ankle and knee joints

Question 22

What is a saddle joint?

Answer 22

Has a reciprocal concave-convex shape (like a saddle on a horse) and allows for two axes of movement eg carpometacarpal joint of thumb

Synovial joint

Question 23

What is a plane joint?

Answer 23

Articular surfaces are flat allowing bones to glide over eachother eg acromioclavicular joint and subtalar joint

Synovial joint

Question 24

What is a pivot joint?

Answer 24

Allows for rotation around a central axis eg proximal and distal radioulnar joints and atlantoaxial joint

Synovial joint

Question 25

What is a condyloid joint?

Answer 25

Convex surface in a concave elliptical cavity. Similar to saddle joint movement but one is usually restricted eg wrist joint, metacarpophalangeal finger joint

Synovial joint

Question 26

What is a ball and socket joint?

Answer 26

Looks how it sounds. Allows for multiple areas of movement eg hip or shoulder joint

Synovial joint