Intro to Anatomy

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

the study of form

Examining structure of the human body
Inspection
Palpation
Auscultation
Percussion

Cadaver dissection
Cutting and separating human body tissues to reveal tissue relationships

Comparative anatomy
Study of multiple species to learn about form, function, and evolution

Question 2

Physiology

Answer 2

study of function

Subdisciplines:
Neurophysiology (physiology of nervous system)
Endocrinology (physiology of hormones)
Pathophysiology (mechanisms of disease)

Comparative physiology:
Study of different species to learn about body functions
Basis for much of our understanding of human physiology and the development of new drugs and medical procedures

Question 3

Hippocrates

Answer 3

• Greek physician; “Father of medicine”
• Established a code of ethics (Hippocratic Oath)
• Urged physicians to seek natural causes of disease rather than attributing them to acts of the gods and demons

Question 4

Aristotle

Answer 4

• Believed diseases had supernatural or physical causes
• Called supernatural causes of disease theologi
• Called natural causes for disease physiologi
• This gave rise to the terms physician and physiology
• Believed complex structures were built from simpler parts

Question 5

Cladius Galen

Answer 5

• Physician to Roman gladiators
• Did animal dissections because use of cadavers was banned
• Saw science as a method of discovery
• Teachings were adopted as dogma in Europe in Middle Ages

Question 6

Avicenna (Ibn Sina)

Answer 6

• “The Galen of Islam”
• Combined both Galen and Aristotle’s findings with original discoveries
• Wrote The Canon of Medicine, used in medical schools for 500 years

Question 7

Illustrations from (a) Avicenna and (b) Vesalius

Answer 7

Avicenna - guessing what the human body looks like

Vesalius - drawing of our skeleton

Question 8

Andreas Vesalius

Answer 8

• Catholic Church relaxed restrictions on dissection of cadavers
• Performed his own dissections rather than having the barber–surgeons dissect
• Published first atlas of anatomy, De Humani Corporis Fabrica (On the Structure of the Human Body) in 1543

Question 9

Robert Hooke

Answer 9

• Made many improvements to compound microscope—two lenses: ocular lens (eyepiece) and objective lens (near specimen)
  Invented specimen stage, illuminator, coarse and fine focus controls
• His microscopes magnified only 30X
• First to see and name “cells”
• Published first comprehensive book of microscopy (Micrographia) in 1665

Question 10

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 10

• Invented a simple (single-lens) microscope with great magnification to look at fabrics (200X)
• Published his observations of blood, lake water, sperm, bacteria from tooth scrapings, and many other things

Question 11

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

Answer 11

• Examined wide variety of specimens
• Concluded that “all organisms were composed of cells”
• First tenet of cell theory
• Considered to be perhaps the most important breakthrough in biomedical history
• All functions of the body are interpreted as effects of cellular activity