intro to anatomy Flashcards
define anatomical position
standard reference position of the body from which all anatomical descriptions are derived
- standing upright:
- head, eyes and toes pointing forwards; anteriorly
- arms held to sides with elbows extended and palms facing anteriorly
- lower limbs held close together with their feet parallel
anatomy definition
study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationship among body parts
anatomical planes
hypothetical planes used to transect body to describe location of structures or direction of movements
frontal / coronal plane
any vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior
transverse / horizontal plane
a horizontal plane passing through the standing
body parallel to the ground. It divides the body
into superior and inferior.
sagittal plane can be midsagittal
A vertical plane passing through
the standing body from front to back; it
divides the body into left and right halves
anterior / ventral
nearer the front surface of the body
posterior/dorsal
nearer the back surface of the body
superior/rostral/cranial
nearer the crown of the head
inferior/caudal
nearer the soles of the feet
medial
nearer the midline of the body
lateral
further from the midline of the body
proximal
nearer to the trunk
distal
nearer from the trunk
superficial
nearer to the surface of the body
deep
further from the surface of the body
your head is … to your shoulder
SUPERIOR
you hold a knife using the … side of your hand
PALMAR
your abdomen is … to your spine
ANTERIOR
your elbow is … to your wrist
PROXIMAL
your skin is … to your subcutaneous fat
SUPERFICIAL
how do joints move?
contraction or relaxation of muscles which are generally paired with one being opposite of the other
flexion
to bend or make an angle
extension
to stretch or straighten
special flexion
Movements at the ankle joint flexion becomes dorsiflexion (movement towards the posterior or dorsal surface of the foot)
-Extension becomes plantar flexion (movement towards the anterior or plantar surface)
abduction
theses are movements of the limb away from the median plane of the body
adduction
towards the median plane of the body
rotation
these movements can occur: -towards the long axis of the trunk (medial rotation) -away from the long axis of the trunk (lateral rotation)
circumduction
A combination in sequence of the movements of flexion,
extension, abduction and adduction
Specialisations at the digits and thumb
Movement of the digits are relative to the axis along the middle of the middle finger. The digits can move away from this axis (abduction) or towards it (adduction).
thumb
The thumb can flex, extend, abduct, adduct and also perform a specialised movement known as opposition
Supination (upper limb)
supination involves lateral rotation of the forearm
which brings the palm of the hand to face anteriorly.
pronation (upper limb)
When the forearm rotates medially, the palm of the
hand turns to face posteriorly.
inversion (ankle or foot)
Inversion is a twisting motion of the foot which turns the sole inwards.
eversion (ankle or foot)
eversion shows the opposite movement, in that the foot twists to turn the sole outwards.
axial skeleton
the bones are located close to or along the central “axis”
of the body.
appendicular skeleton
arms and hips and legs
X-rays
-beams of electromagnetic waves to produce 2D radiographs
-Density of different tissue types
represented by black-grey-white
-CT scans use x-ray beams to
produce 2D and 3D images
magnetic resonance imaging MRI
-Utilises radio-waves and
magnetic fields to produce images based on tissues proton levels
•Commonly used for the
assessment of soft tissues and nervous tissues
T1: for structures made of mainly fat; (fluids is dark or black, fat is bright or white)
T2: for structures made of both water and fat; (fat and fluids are bright)
ultrasound
-High frequency sound waves are used to depict tissues based on their density
• Point of care ultrasound (POCUS) utilizes portable ultrasound devices for diagnosis and assessment from emergency a and e to surgery and post-operative analysis
