INTRO TO ANATOMY Flashcards
1
Q
Dorsal
A
Refers to the back (dorsum)
2
Q
Ventral
A
Refers to the belly (ventrum)
3
Q
Medial
A
Towards the median plane
4
Q
Lateral
A
Away from the median plane
5
Q
Cranial
A
Towards the head
6
Q
Caudial
A
Towards the tail
7
Q
Rostral
A
nearer to the nose (head only)
8
Q
Oral
A
toward the oral cavity
9
Q
Aboral
A
Away from the oral cavity
10
Q
Internal/ Inner
A
The cavity of a hollow organ
11
Q
External/ Outer
A
Away from the oral cavity
12
Q
Deep
A
Nearer to the trunk (bones)
13
Q
Proximal
A
Nearer to the trunk (bones)
14
Q
DIstal
A
Away from the trunk (bones)
15
Q
Axis
A
Central line of the body
16
Q
Abaxial
A
Away from the axis of a body
17
Q
Cranium
A
skull
18
Q
Origin
A
point of all attachment of a muscle
19
Q
Insertion
A
The distal, more moveable attachment
20
Q
Median / midsagittal plane
A
divdes the body into right and left, two symmetrical halves (longitudinal axis)
21
Q
Bursa
A
Fluid filled sacinterposed betweentendon and a bone to reduce friction
22
Q
Tedons
A
muscles attach to bones by means of connective tisue known as tendons
23
Q
Sagittal plane
A
plane parallel to the median plane
24
Q
Transverse/ Segmental
A
a plane perpendicular to the long axis of the body
( cross section). It divides the body into a cranial and a caudal segment.
25
Dorsal / Oblique / Frontal Plane
It runs at right angle to the median and
| transverse planes and thus divides the body into dorsal and ventral portions.
26
what are the functions of the skeleton
- Protection of vital organs
- Give rigidity and form of the body
- Act as leavers that help in locomotion with the aid of muscles
- Storage of minerals (calcium and phosphorous)
- Formation of blood cells.
27
Axial Skeleton of the horse (125 bone)
Skull (37 bone) & Rib (36) & Sternum (1) & Vertebrae (51-56 bone)
- Vertebral Formula of the horse: C7 Th18 L6 S5 Ca15-20
28
Splanchnic
- Os penis in penis of the dog and cat
- Os cordis in the heart of the cattle
- Os rostrale in the nose of the pig
- Os phrenic in the diaphragm of the camel
- Os opticus in the bird
29
Appendicular skeleton
- Forelimb: 20 bone in each one
| - Hindlimb: 20 bone in each one
30
Features of the forelimb
1 Scapula & 1 Humerus & 1 Ulna this is fused with the Radius
1 Radius this is fused with the Ulna & Carpal bones there are 7 in each knee &
1 Cannon bone & 2 Splint Bones & 1 Long pastern (1st Phalanx) & 1 Short pastern
( 2nd Phalanx) & Pedal Bone (3rd Phalanx) & 2 proximal sesamoid bones & 1
distal sesamoid (Navicular) bone.
31
Features of the hind limb
1 Pelvis ( Ilium, Ischium, Pubis) & 1 Femur & 1 Tibia & 1 Fibula & 7 Tarsus bones of
the hock &
1 Cannon bone & 2 Splint bones & 1 Long pastern ( 1st Phalanx) & 1 Short Pastern
(2nd Phalanx) & 1 Pedal bone ( 3rd Phalanx) & 2 proximal sesamoid bones & 1
distal sesamoid (Navicular) bone.
32
How do you classify bones?
Accoding to:
1. Structure
2. Shape and function
33
Describe a spongy bone
composed of pieces of bone (trabeculae) which form an open
| network filled with bone marrow
34
When classifying bones based on shape and function, the long bone can be used.
Name 3 types of long bone
1. Typical long bone
2. Atypical long bone- a. Elongated bone
b. Reduced or aborted bone
35
What are the characteristics of a typical long bone?
- Cylindrical in form.
- Have proximal and distal extremities.
- The shaft has medullary cavity which contains
bone marrow.
**Medullary cavity - The hollow part of bone that contains bone marrow.
- The bone marrow makes blood cells and stores fat
- After spongy bone is formed in the diaphysis, osteoclasts break down
the newly formed bone to open up the medullary cavity.
36
What are the functions of typical long bone? Name some examples
Function: They act as levers for the appendicular skeleton and muscular attachment.
Eg. femur, radius and ulna, and humerus
37
What makes a rib an elongated bone?
- Devoid of medullary cavity.
- Have proximal extremity and shaft
with no distal extremity.
*Function of elongated bone- muscular attachment and protection.
38
What are the charcteristics of reduced or aborted bones?
- No or low bone marrow.
| - Only proximal extremity
39
Name some functions of aborted bones.
| Identify some examples
Function: muscular attachment and protection.
| Ex. Ulna, fibula and splints.
40
The carpal bones in the knee & tarsal bones in the hock are classified as what type of bone?
Short bones
****Extra notes
Features - Are strong and compact
- Cubic in form
- No medullary cavity
Function: Diffusing concussion & Facilitate joint movement
41
Which type of bone encloses and protect organs &
| provide a large area for muscle attachment.
Flat bones
Extra notes:
Features- Have broad and flat surfaces
Eg. skull, scapula, and sternum.
42
Which bone has this feature:
short bones& lie within tendons or ligaments of capsule of
some joints and add strength to them.
Sesamoid bones
Extra notes:
An example is the navicular bone working within the deep digital flexor
tendon.
- The sesamoid bones lie behind the bones of the fetlock and help to
keep the tendons and ligaments in that area functioning correctly.
- They decrease the friction or change the direction of tendons.
43
List the features, functions, and examples of irregular bones
Features : irregular in shape.
Function: muscular attachment and protection
Eg. The vertebral column consists of irregular bones (vertebrae) which protect the
central nervous system.
44
Frontal and maxilla bones (Frontal and maxillary sinuses) are what types of bones
Pneumatic bones
Extra notes:
Features: contain air spaces.
Function: to light the weight of the skull.
45
Four main types of articular projections
1. A head
2. A condyle
3. Trochlea
4. Facet
Extra notes:
A head - is a spherical articular projection ( e.g. heads of the humerus and the femur)
A condyle- cylindrical mass (e.g. condyles on the distal end of the humerus)
Trochlea - is a pulley-like articular mass (looks like a ridge)
(e.g. It is found at the distal end of the femur on which patella slides.)
Facet - is a relatively flat articular surface (e.g. Costal facets on thoracic vertebrae)
46
Articular projections
| (He can trot fast)
```
He= Head
Trot= Trochlea
Fast= Facet
Can= Condyle
```
47
Non articular projections
| Noisy People Throw Temper Tantrums, Sometimes Readily Like Eggs
```
Noisy -Neck
People- A process
Throw- Tuberosity
Temper - trochanter
Tantrums- tubercle
Sometimes - Spine
Readily- Ridge
Like - Line
Eggs - Epicondyle
```
48
Neck
- is a cylindrical part of a bone to which the head is attached.
- E.g. The neck of the humerus is located between he head of the humerus and the rest
of the proximal end of the femur
49
A process
- A general term for a bony projection.
| - Eg. . As the spinous process or transverse process of a vertebra
50
Crest
- a narrow ridge of bone
51
A tuberosity (tuber) or trochanter
- a relatively non articular projection.
- Eg.the major (lateral) tuberosity on the proximal end of the humerus
- trochanter of the femur.
What is the difference between tuberosity and trochanter?
Trochanter - A large prominence on the side of the bone.
- Some of the largest muscle groups and most dense connective
tissues attach to the trochanter.
- The most notable examples are the greater and lesser
trochanters of the femur.
Tuberosity - A moderate prominence where muscles and connective tissues attach.
52
A tubercle (tuberculum):
- is smaller non articular projection
Note:
The main difference between tuberosity and tubercle is that tuberosity refers to a slightly larger lump on bones, but tubercle refers to the smaller lump. Some of the examples of tuberosity are the greater tuberosity of the humerus and the ischial tuberosity of the hip bone
53
A spine
- may be a pointed projection as in spine at the proximal end
of the tibia.
- it may refers to a ridge as the spine of the scapula
54
A ridge
- a liner elevation on the surface of the bone.
55
A line
- a small ridge on a bone.
56
Epicondyle
- a tubercle on a condyle.
57
Name three types of bony depressions
1. Glenoid - G
2. Notch - N
3. Cotyloid - C
58
Glenoid cavity
- a shallow depression.
| - Eg. Glenoid cavity of the scapula
59
Notch
- semilunar notch of ulna which articulates with the condyles of humerus.
60
A cotyloid cavity
- A deep depression.
| - E.g. Acetabulum of the hip joint
61
Non-articular depressions:
| Fresh Flowers For A Great Friend
```
Fresh - Fossa
Flowers- Fovea
For - Foramen
A - A canal
Great - Groove/ Sulcus
Friend - Fissure
```
62
Fossa
- A large non articular depression.
| - E.g. Supraspinous fossa of scapula.
63
Fovea
- a small non articular depression
| - E.g. Fovea capitis on the head of the femur.
64
Foramen
- a hole in a bone.
| - E.g. Foramen magnum at base of the skull.
65
A canal
- A tunnel through one or more bones.
| - E.g. Vertebral canal for the spinal cord.
66
Groove or Sulcus
- elongated depression.
| - E.g. Musculospiral groove of the humerus.
67
A fissure
- a canal missing a part of its wall
