Intro to Altered Cell Function Flashcards by Suzanne Zick

What is compensation?

It is an intervention that improves impairment but does not cure

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What is an example of a pharmaceutical compensation?

Dopamine for parkinson’s

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What is an example of a physical compensation?

AFO brace for pt who suffered from stroke

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What is an example of a pathologic compensation seen in the body?

CV compensation to maintain cardiac output:

increase HR

Increase BP (HTN)

Thin (dilate) cardiac wall

Increase cardiac muscle size (hypertrophy)

Increase preload

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What are 2 examples of pharmaceutical intervention that can be done for cardiac compensation?

Diuretic –> reduce BV

Beta Blocker –> limit HR/contractility

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Why do people die (not a philosophical question)?

integrity of significant amount of cells are impaired to the point where body systems can’t function

body is unable to compensate for pathology

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Name the 8 major functions of healthy cells

Movement

Conductivity

Metabolic Absorption

Secretion

Excretion

Respiration

Reproduction

Communication

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What are the 5 processes that impair cellular function?

Cellular Adaptation

Cellular Injury

Neoplasm

Aging

Death

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What do cells adapt to?

They adapt to their environment to prevent injury

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Is cellular adaptation irreversible?

Yes to an extent

stimulus must be removed

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What are the 5 adaptive changes a cell can under go?

Atrophy

Hypertrophy

Hyperplasia

Metaplasia

Dysplasia

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What is atrophy, what is it caused by?

Decrease in cell size –> shrinkage of organ

loss of intracellular proteins NOT ASSOCIATED W/ FLUID DYNAMICS

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What is the difference between physiological atrophy and pathological atrophy; give an example of each kind

physiological atrophy occurs w/ normal development –> thymus gland shrinks during childhood

pathological atrophy occurs as a result of decreased: workload/use/blood supply/hormonal or nerve stimulation

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What is hypertrophy?

increase in individual cell size –> increase in organ size

increase in intracellular proteins/organelles NOT ASSOCIATED W/ FLUID DYNAMICS

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What is the difference between physiological hypertrophy and pathological hypertrophy? give an example of each

physiological hypertrophy = normal adaptive response to hormonal signals or functional demand; skeletal muscles increasing during puberty or b/c of increased workload

pathological hypertrophy = adaptive response to abnormal workload or hormonal stimulation; Cardiac issues –> hypertension valve disorders, cardiac cell hypertrophy

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What is hyperplasia?

increased # of cells –> increased frequency of divisions

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What are the two types of physiological (normal) hyperplasia?

Compensatory hyperplasia

Hormonal hyperplasia

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What is the difference between hyperplasia and neoplasm?

hyperplasia = proliferation of NORMAL cells

neoplasm = proliferation of ABNORMAL cells

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What is compensatory hyperplasia and give 3 examples of compensatory hyperplasia

mechanism for an organ to regenerate

Liver cells

Callus on skin

Wound healing

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What is hormonal hyperplasia? and give an example

hormones can stimulate cells to multiply and increase in #

breast tissue –> progesterone/estrogen during pregnancy/lactation

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What is pathological hyperplasia and what is a classic sign? and give 2 examples

abnormal proliferation of cells caused by hormones/growth factors

enlarged nuclei/nucleoli

endrometrial hyperplasia/prostate BPH

What is metaplasia? give 2 examples

change in cell form

bronchial tract of smokers: ciliated cells replaced by squamous cells

Barrett’s esophagous

What is dysplasia, and where are they commonly seen?

abnormal changes in cell size, shape, and organization of cell

lower esophagus, cervix, breast tissue, respiratory tract

What is clinically significant about dysplasia?

often identified as increased risk factor for the development of cancer

Define cellular injury

occurs if cell is unable to maintain cellular function

What are some of the mechanisms of cell injury?

chemical agents hypoxia free radicals infectious agents physical/mechanical factors immunological reactions genetics nutritional deficiencies/imbalances

What are some of the ways cellular injuries manifest?

Accumulations w/in tissues of: Water Lipids Glycogen Proteins Pigments Calcium Urate

What is a neoplasm?

An abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells divide more than they should or do not die when they should. Neoplasms may be benign (not cancer), or malignant (cancer)

What is a tumor?

swelling or enlargement from neoplasm

What does cancer refer to?

malignant neoplasm (tumor) considered "immortal"

What is metastasis?

ability to spread beyond local tissues

What are some of the characteristics of a Benign Tumor?

slow growing well defined capsule non-invasive well differentiated (cells in tumor look like surrounding tissue) don't metastasize

What are some of the characteristics of a Malignant Tumor

Fast growing not encapsulated invasive growth to surrounding tissue poorly differentiated (look different than surrounding tissue)

How does cancer metastasize?

blood and/or lymph vessels

What is aging associated with @ the organ/organism level?

decreased ability to respond to stress decreased ability to maintain homeostasis

What is aging associated with @ the cellular level (cellular senescence)?

loss of ability or completely stops dividing accumulation of age related damage/debris

What is a consequence of aging w/ in the lens of the eye?

Cataracts

What is cell death the result of?

irreversible cell damage

What are the 2 categories of cellular death?

Apoptosis Necrosis

Describe necrosis

cell swell and burst intracellular compartments leak into surrounding tissue provokes inflammatory response

What are the 4 types of Necrosis?

coagulative necrosis liquefactive necrosis caseous necrosis fatty necrosi

Which type of necrosis is characteristic of hypoxic cell death (i.e. Myocardial infarction, bowel/kidney hypoxia)?

coagulative necrosis

Which type of necrosis is common in the CNS from fungal/bacterial or hypoxia?

liquefactive necrosis

Which type of necrosis is commonly seen with tuberculosis, and looks like a white necrotic area filled w/ acellular debris and surrounded by a distinct inflammatory boarder?

Caseous necrosis

What type of necrosis is typical of acute pancreatitis?

Fatty necrosis

What is gangrenous necrosis and how is it different from the other types of necrosis?

the clinical term referring to TISSUE death not individual cell death

What are the 2 types of gangrenous necrosis?

Dry gangrenous wet gangrenous

Describe dry gangrenous necrosis

the skin wrinkles, shrinks and becomes black cells die of coagulative necrosis

Describe wet gangrenous necrosis

Liquefactive necrosis common in internal organs

What is apoptosis?

programmed cell death

Describe the mechanism of apoptosis

nucleus and cytoplasm shrink cell components fragment --> caspases = enzyme phagocytosis by neighboring cells --> minimizes inflammation