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Pathophysiology Thorax > Intro to Altered Cell Function > Flashcards

Intro to Altered Cell Function Flashcards

1
Q

What is compensation?

A

It is an intervention that improves impairment but does not cure

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2
Q

What is an example of a pharmaceutical compensation?

A

Dopamine for parkinson’s

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3
Q

What is an example of a physical compensation?

A

AFO brace for pt who suffered from stroke

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4
Q

What is an example of a pathologic compensation seen in the body?

A

CV compensation to maintain cardiac output:

increase HR

Increase BP (HTN)

Thin (dilate) cardiac wall

Increase cardiac muscle size (hypertrophy)

Increase preload

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5
Q

What are 2 examples of pharmaceutical intervention that can be done for cardiac compensation?

A

Diuretic –> reduce BV

Beta Blocker –> limit HR/contractility

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6
Q

Why do people die (not a philosophical question)?

A

integrity of significant amount of cells are impaired to the point where body systems can’t function

body is unable to compensate for pathology

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7
Q

Name the 8 major functions of healthy cells

A

Movement

Conductivity

Metabolic Absorption

Secretion

Excretion

Respiration

Reproduction

Communication

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8
Q

What are the 5 processes that impair cellular function?

A

Cellular Adaptation

Cellular Injury

Neoplasm

Aging

Death

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9
Q

What do cells adapt to?

A

They adapt to their environment to prevent injury

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10
Q

Is cellular adaptation irreversible?

A

Yes to an extent

stimulus must be removed

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11
Q

What are the 5 adaptive changes a cell can under go?

A

Atrophy

Hypertrophy

Hyperplasia

Metaplasia

Dysplasia

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12
Q

What is atrophy, what is it caused by?

A

Decrease in cell size –> shrinkage of organ

loss of intracellular proteins NOT ASSOCIATED W/ FLUID DYNAMICS

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13
Q

What is the difference between physiological atrophy and pathological atrophy; give an example of each kind

A

physiological atrophy occurs w/ normal development –> thymus gland shrinks during childhood

pathological atrophy occurs as a result of decreased: workload/use/blood supply/hormonal or nerve stimulation

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14
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

increase in individual cell size –> increase in organ size

increase in intracellular proteins/organelles NOT ASSOCIATED W/ FLUID DYNAMICS

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15
Q

What is the difference between physiological hypertrophy and pathological hypertrophy? give an example of each

A

physiological hypertrophy = normal adaptive response to hormonal signals or functional demand; skeletal muscles increasing during puberty or b/c of increased workload

pathological hypertrophy = adaptive response to abnormal workload or hormonal stimulation; Cardiac issues –> hypertension valve disorders, cardiac cell hypertrophy

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16
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

increased # of cells –> increased frequency of divisions

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17
Q

What are the two types of physiological (normal) hyperplasia?

A

Compensatory hyperplasia

Hormonal hyperplasia

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18
Q

What is the difference between hyperplasia and neoplasm?

A

hyperplasia = proliferation of NORMAL cells

neoplasm = proliferation of ABNORMAL cells

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19
Q

What is compensatory hyperplasia and give 3 examples of compensatory hyperplasia

A

mechanism for an organ to regenerate

Liver cells

Callus on skin

Wound healing

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20
Q

What is hormonal hyperplasia? and give an example

A

hormones can stimulate cells to multiply and increase in #

breast tissue –> progesterone/estrogen during pregnancy/lactation

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21
Q

What is pathological hyperplasia and what is a classic sign? and give 2 examples

A

abnormal proliferation of cells caused by hormones/growth factors

enlarged nuclei/nucleoli

endrometrial hyperplasia/prostate BPH

22
Q

What is metaplasia? give 2 examples

A

change in cell form

bronchial tract of smokers: ciliated cells replaced by squamous cells

Barrett’s esophagous

23
Q

What is dysplasia, and where are they commonly seen?

A

abnormal changes in cell size, shape, and organization of cell

lower esophagus, cervix, breast tissue, respiratory tract

24
Q

What is clinically significant about dysplasia?

A

often identified as increased risk factor for the development of cancer

25
Q

Define cellular injury

A

occurs if cell is unable to maintain cellular function

26
Q

What are some of the mechanisms of cell injury?

A

chemical agents

hypoxia

free radicals

infectious agents

physical/mechanical factors

immunological reactions

genetics

nutritional deficiencies/imbalances

27
Q

What are some of the ways cellular injuries manifest?

A

Accumulations w/in tissues of:

Water

Lipids

Glycogen

Proteins

Pigments

Calcium

Urate

28
Q

What is a neoplasm?

A

An abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells divide more than they should or do not die when they should. Neoplasms may be benign (not cancer), or malignant (cancer)

29
Q

What is a tumor?

A

swelling or enlargement from neoplasm

30
Q

What does cancer refer to?

A

malignant neoplasm (tumor)

considered “immortal”

31
Q

What is metastasis?

A

ability to spread beyond local tissues

32
Q

What are some of the characteristics of a Benign Tumor?

A

slow growing

well defined capsule

non-invasive

well differentiated (cells in tumor look like surrounding tissue)

don’t metastasize

33
Q

What are some of the characteristics of a Malignant Tumor

A

Fast growing

not encapsulated

invasive growth to surrounding tissue

poorly differentiated (look different than surrounding tissue)

34
Q

How does cancer metastasize?

A

blood and/or lymph vessels

35
Q

What is aging associated with @ the organ/organism level?

A

decreased ability to respond to stress

decreased ability to maintain homeostasis

36
Q

What is aging associated with @ the cellular level (cellular senescence)?

A

loss of ability or completely stops dividing

accumulation of age related damage/debris

37
Q

What is a consequence of aging w/ in the lens of the eye?

A

Cataracts

38
Q

What is cell death the result of?

A

irreversible cell damage

39
Q

What are the 2 categories of cellular death?

A

Apoptosis

Necrosis

40
Q

Describe necrosis

A

cell swell and burst

intracellular compartments leak into surrounding tissue

provokes inflammatory response

41
Q

What are the 4 types of Necrosis?

A

coagulative necrosis

liquefactive necrosis

caseous necrosis

fatty necrosi

42
Q

Which type of necrosis is characteristic of hypoxic cell death (i.e. Myocardial infarction, bowel/kidney hypoxia)?

A

coagulative necrosis

43
Q

Which type of necrosis is common in the CNS from fungal/bacterial or hypoxia?

A

liquefactive necrosis

44
Q

Which type of necrosis is commonly seen with tuberculosis, and looks like a white necrotic area filled w/ acellular debris and surrounded by a distinct inflammatory boarder?

A

Caseous necrosis

45
Q

What type of necrosis is typical of acute pancreatitis?

A

Fatty necrosis

46
Q

What is gangrenous necrosis and how is it different from the other types of necrosis?

A

the clinical term referring to TISSUE death not individual cell death

47
Q

What are the 2 types of gangrenous necrosis?

A

Dry gangrenous

wet gangrenous

48
Q

Describe dry gangrenous necrosis

A

the skin wrinkles, shrinks and becomes black

cells die of coagulative necrosis

49
Q

Describe wet gangrenous necrosis

A

Liquefactive necrosis

common in internal organs

50
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

programmed cell death

51
Q

Describe the mechanism of apoptosis

A

nucleus and cytoplasm shrink

cell components fragment –> caspases = enzyme

phagocytosis by neighboring cells –> minimizes inflammation

Pathophysiology Thorax (5 decks)

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