Intro to Altered Cell Function Flashcards
What is compensation?
It is an intervention that improves impairment but does not cure
What is an example of a pharmaceutical compensation?
Dopamine for parkinson’s
What is an example of a physical compensation?
AFO brace for pt who suffered from stroke
What is an example of a pathologic compensation seen in the body?
CV compensation to maintain cardiac output:
increase HR
Increase BP (HTN)
Thin (dilate) cardiac wall
Increase cardiac muscle size (hypertrophy)
Increase preload
What are 2 examples of pharmaceutical intervention that can be done for cardiac compensation?
Diuretic –> reduce BV
Beta Blocker –> limit HR/contractility
Why do people die (not a philosophical question)?
integrity of significant amount of cells are impaired to the point where body systems can’t function
body is unable to compensate for pathology
Name the 8 major functions of healthy cells
Movement
Conductivity
Metabolic Absorption
Secretion
Excretion
Respiration
Reproduction
Communication
What are the 5 processes that impair cellular function?
Cellular Adaptation
Cellular Injury
Neoplasm
Aging
Death
What do cells adapt to?
They adapt to their environment to prevent injury
Is cellular adaptation irreversible?
Yes to an extent
stimulus must be removed
What are the 5 adaptive changes a cell can under go?
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
What is atrophy, what is it caused by?
Decrease in cell size –> shrinkage of organ
loss of intracellular proteins NOT ASSOCIATED W/ FLUID DYNAMICS
What is the difference between physiological atrophy and pathological atrophy; give an example of each kind
physiological atrophy occurs w/ normal development –> thymus gland shrinks during childhood
pathological atrophy occurs as a result of decreased: workload/use/blood supply/hormonal or nerve stimulation
What is hypertrophy?
increase in individual cell size –> increase in organ size
increase in intracellular proteins/organelles NOT ASSOCIATED W/ FLUID DYNAMICS
What is the difference between physiological hypertrophy and pathological hypertrophy? give an example of each
physiological hypertrophy = normal adaptive response to hormonal signals or functional demand; skeletal muscles increasing during puberty or b/c of increased workload
pathological hypertrophy = adaptive response to abnormal workload or hormonal stimulation; Cardiac issues –> hypertension valve disorders, cardiac cell hypertrophy
What is hyperplasia?
increased # of cells –> increased frequency of divisions
What are the two types of physiological (normal) hyperplasia?
Compensatory hyperplasia
Hormonal hyperplasia
What is the difference between hyperplasia and neoplasm?
hyperplasia = proliferation of NORMAL cells
neoplasm = proliferation of ABNORMAL cells
What is compensatory hyperplasia and give 3 examples of compensatory hyperplasia
mechanism for an organ to regenerate
Liver cells
Callus on skin
Wound healing
What is hormonal hyperplasia? and give an example
hormones can stimulate cells to multiply and increase in #
breast tissue –> progesterone/estrogen during pregnancy/lactation
What is pathological hyperplasia and what is a classic sign? and give 2 examples
abnormal proliferation of cells caused by hormones/growth factors
enlarged nuclei/nucleoli
endrometrial hyperplasia/prostate BPH
What is metaplasia? give 2 examples
change in cell form
bronchial tract of smokers: ciliated cells replaced by squamous cells
Barrett’s esophagous
What is dysplasia, and where are they commonly seen?
abnormal changes in cell size, shape, and organization of cell
lower esophagus, cervix, breast tissue, respiratory tract
What is clinically significant about dysplasia?
often identified as increased risk factor for the development of cancer
Define cellular injury
occurs if cell is unable to maintain cellular function
What are some of the mechanisms of cell injury?
chemical agents
hypoxia
free radicals
infectious agents
physical/mechanical factors
immunological reactions
genetics
nutritional deficiencies/imbalances
What are some of the ways cellular injuries manifest?
Accumulations w/in tissues of:
Water
Lipids
Glycogen
Proteins
Pigments
Calcium
Urate
What is a neoplasm?
An abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells divide more than they should or do not die when they should. Neoplasms may be benign (not cancer), or malignant (cancer)
What is a tumor?
swelling or enlargement from neoplasm
What does cancer refer to?
malignant neoplasm (tumor)
considered “immortal”
What is metastasis?
ability to spread beyond local tissues
What are some of the characteristics of a Benign Tumor?
slow growing
well defined capsule
non-invasive
well differentiated (cells in tumor look like surrounding tissue)
don’t metastasize
What are some of the characteristics of a Malignant Tumor
Fast growing
not encapsulated
invasive growth to surrounding tissue
poorly differentiated (look different than surrounding tissue)
How does cancer metastasize?
blood and/or lymph vessels
What is aging associated with @ the organ/organism level?
decreased ability to respond to stress
decreased ability to maintain homeostasis
What is aging associated with @ the cellular level (cellular senescence)?
loss of ability or completely stops dividing
accumulation of age related damage/debris
What is a consequence of aging w/ in the lens of the eye?
Cataracts
What is cell death the result of?
irreversible cell damage
What are the 2 categories of cellular death?
Apoptosis
Necrosis
Describe necrosis
cell swell and burst
intracellular compartments leak into surrounding tissue
provokes inflammatory response
What are the 4 types of Necrosis?
coagulative necrosis
liquefactive necrosis
caseous necrosis
fatty necrosi
Which type of necrosis is characteristic of hypoxic cell death (i.e. Myocardial infarction, bowel/kidney hypoxia)?
coagulative necrosis
Which type of necrosis is common in the CNS from fungal/bacterial or hypoxia?
liquefactive necrosis
Which type of necrosis is commonly seen with tuberculosis, and looks like a white necrotic area filled w/ acellular debris and surrounded by a distinct inflammatory boarder?
Caseous necrosis
What type of necrosis is typical of acute pancreatitis?
Fatty necrosis
What is gangrenous necrosis and how is it different from the other types of necrosis?
the clinical term referring to TISSUE death not individual cell death
What are the 2 types of gangrenous necrosis?
Dry gangrenous
wet gangrenous
Describe dry gangrenous necrosis
the skin wrinkles, shrinks and becomes black
cells die of coagulative necrosis
Describe wet gangrenous necrosis
Liquefactive necrosis
common in internal organs
What is apoptosis?
programmed cell death
Describe the mechanism of apoptosis
nucleus and cytoplasm shrink
cell components fragment –> caspases = enzyme
phagocytosis by neighboring cells –> minimizes inflammation
