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CVPR: Renal (Exam 4) COPY > Intro to Acute Renal Failure and Clearance > Flashcards

Intro to Acute Renal Failure and Clearance Flashcards

1
Q

What will the UA findings be in Glomerulonephritis?

A
  • Variable tonicity
    • heme pigment
  • ***sediment exam reveals RBC and RBC casts***
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2
Q

Normal plasma K+?

A

4.5 ± 0.6 mEq/L

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3
Q

The most commom intrarenal injury is acute tubular necrosis (ATN) caused by either _____ or _____.

A
  • ischemia
  • nephrotoxins (drugs)
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4
Q

Normal anion gap?

A

9 ± 2 mEq/L

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5
Q

What does ATN stand for?

A

acute tubular necrosis

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6
Q

Normal plasma BUN?

A

12 ± 4 mg/dL

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7
Q

Normal plasma fasting glucose?

A

90 ± 30 mg/dL

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8
Q

Name 2 examples of vascular diseases that cause intrinsic renal disease.

A
  1. cholesterol emboli
  2. renal vein thrombosis
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9
Q

Name 2 examples of glomerular diseases that cause intrinsic renal disease.

A
  1. acute glomerulonephritis
  2. hemolytic uremic syndrome
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10
Q

AKI results in reduced clearance of nitrogenous waste products to produce a state called ______.

A

azotemia

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11
Q

Interpret these UA findings:

  • Isotonic urine
  • +/- heme pigment
  • white blood cell casts
  • ***eosinophils (with allergic interstitial nephritis)
A

AIN

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12
Q

Intravascular volume depletion is suggested by what PE findings?

A
  • decrease in weight
  • flat neck veins (NO JVD)
  • postural changes in blood pressure and/or pulse
  • edema
  • pulmonary rales
  • S3 gallop
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13
Q

What are the 2 general categories of pre-renal azotemia causes?

A
  1. decreased ECF volume
  2. increased ECF volume
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14
Q

Prompt restoration of intravascular volume restores RBF and GFR and prevents ____ in AKI.

A

structural ischemic renal injury

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15
Q

Normal blood gas pH?

A

7.42 ± 0.02

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16
Q

Name 2 serious complications of ATN and why they occur.

A
  1. Infections (due to decreased leukocyte function)
  2. GI hemorrhage (due to increased acid secretion ie stress, ulcers)
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17
Q

______ casts are composed primarily of a mucoprotein, Tamm-Horsfall protein, secreted by tubule cells.

A

Hyaline

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18
Q

Hyaline casts are composed primarily of a ______ called Tamm-Horsfall protein, which is secreted by tubule cells.

A

mucoprotein

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19
Q

Interpret these UA findings:

  • Tonicity usually isotonic or hypotonic
  • usually heme is negative unless superimposed infection
  • Micro may be totally benign or show evidence of superimposed infection (e.g. RBCs & WBCs)
A

an obstructive pathology

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20
Q

What will the urinary Na concentration be in post-renal azotemia?

A

high (greater than 40)

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21
Q

______ is the most common cause of an abrupt fall in GFR in a hospitalized patient.

A

Prerenal azotemia

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22
Q

Interpret these UA findings:

  • Relatively high specific gravity,
  • no heme pigment
  • normal sediment (i.e. any casts are waxy or finely granular)
A

prerenal azotemia

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23
Q

Give 4 causes of decreases ECF volume that can result in pre-renal AKI.

A
  1. Renal losses
  2. Third space losses
  3. GI losses
  4. Hemorrhage
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24
Q

Typically, the FENa is______ in urinary obstruction.

A

greater than 2%

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25
Q

______ refers to the constellation of signs and symptoms of multiple organ dysfunction caused by retention of “uremic toxins” and lack of renal hormones due to acute or chronic kidney injury.

A

Uremia

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26
Q

What will the urinary Cr concentration be in post-renal azotemia?

A

low (Ucr/Pcr ratio less than 10)

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27
Q

What are the 3 broad types of disorders that can cause AKI?

A
  1. pre-renal
  2. intrinsic
  3. post-renal
28
Q

Interpret these UA findings:

  • Typically isotonic
  • variable heme pigment (+ if from hemolysis or rhabdomyolysis)
  • ***Sediment exam will show pigmented coarsely granular casts and renal tubular epithelial cells (RTEs)
A

ATN

29
Q

Name some s/s of uremia.

A
  • nausea/vomiting
  • abdominal pain
  • diarrhea
  • weakness/fatigue
30
Q

What will the UA findings be in ATN?

A
  • Typically isotonic
  • variable heme pigment (+ if from hemolysis or rhabdomyolysis)
  • ***Sediment exam will show pigmented coarsely granular casts and renal tubular epithelial cells (RTEs)
31
Q

Urinary casts are typically formed in the _____ or the ______.

A
  • distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
  • collecting duct (distal nephron)
32
Q

The most common intrarenal injury is _____ caused by either ischemia or nephrotoxins (drugs).

A

acute tubular necrosis (ATN)

33
Q

What will the UA findings be in Prerenal azotemia?

A
  • Relatively high specific gravity
  • no heme pigment
  • normal sediment (i.e. any casts are waxy or finely granular)
34
Q

FENa is less than 1% when AKI is caused by _____.

A

prerenal azotemia

35
Q

Normal plasma PO4-?

A

4.0 ± 1.0 mg/dL

36
Q

What is the most sensitive test for post-renal obtructions?

A

renal ultrasound

37
Q

Hyaline casts are composed primarily of a mucoprotein, called _____, which is secreted by tubule cells.

A

Tamm-Horsfall protein

38
Q

Normal plasma Na?

A

140 ± 3 mEq/L

39
Q

Intrinsic renal disease is divided into four types based on the four structures found in the kidney: ____, ____, ____, and ____.

A
  • vessels
  • glomeruli
  • interstitium
  • tubules
40
Q

Normal plasma Osmolality?

A

285 ± 3 mosm/kg H2O

41
Q

______ restores RBF and GFR and prevents structural ischemic renal injury in AKI.

A

Prompt restoration of intravascular volume

42
Q

Interpret these UA findings:

  • Variable tonicity
    • heme pigment
  • ***sediment exam reveals RBC and RBC casts
A

glomerulonephritis

43
Q

______ is defined as a rapid reduction in glomerular filtration rate manifested by a rise in plasma creatinine (Pcr) concentration, urea and other nitrogenous waste products.

A

Acute kidney injury (AKI)

44
Q

Normal plasma cholesterol?

A

140-200 mg/dL

45
Q

Prolonged pre-renal azotemia may result in ______.

A

acute tubular necrosis (ATN)

46
Q

The renal tubules secrete mucoproteins and when these proteins “gel” in the tubules, they form _____.

A

casts

47
Q

Normal plasma Cr?

A

1.0 ± 0.3 mg/dL

48
Q

What will the urine Na concentration in pre-renal azotemia?

A

low (less than 20)

49
Q

The FENa is greater than 2% when AKI is caused by _____.

A

something other than a pre-renal azotemia

50
Q

What will the UA findings be in AIN?

A
  • Isotonic urine
  • +/- heme pigment
  • white blood cell casts
  • ***eosinophils (with allergic interstitial nephritis)
51
Q

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is defined as?

A

a rapid reduction in glomerular filtration rate manifested by a rise in plasma creatinine (Pcr) concentration, urea, and other nitrogenous waste products

52
Q

Name an example of tubular disease that causes intrinsic renal disease.

A

Ischemic/nephrotoxic acute tubular necrosis (ATN)

53
Q

Normal plasma Cl-?

A

104 ± 3 mEq/L

54
Q

Give 4 causes of systemic arterial vasodilation that can result in pre-renal AKI.

A
  1. Cirrhosis
  2. Sepsis
  3. Medication
  4. Autonomic Neuropathy
55
Q

Normal plasma Ca++?

A

9.5 ± 1.0 mg/dL

56
Q

The FENa is ______ when AKI is NOT caused by a pre-renal azotemia.

A

greater than 2%

57
Q

Name 3 examples of interstitial diseases that cause intrinsic renal disease.

A
  1. Acute interstitial nephritis (e.g. allergic interstitial nephritis (AIN)
  2. infection
  3. myeloma kidney
58
Q

What is the equation for calculating FENa?

A

FENa = (UNa/PNa) ÷ (UCr/Pcr ) X 100 (expressed in %)

59
Q

Normal plasma CO2?

A

27 ± 2 mEq/L *** note this is venous. arterial = 24

60
Q

Normal specific gravity?

A

1.010

61
Q

FENa is_____ when AKI is caused by prerenal azotemia.

A

less than 1%

62
Q

AKI results in reduced clearance of ______ to produce a state called azotemia.

A

nitrogenous waste products

63
Q

Give 4 causes of decreased cardiac output that can result in pre-renal AKI.

A
  1. CHF
  2. Myocardial Infarction
  3. Valvular disease
  4. Pericardial tamponade
64
Q

What will the urine Cr concentration in pre-renal azotemia?

A

high (Ucr/Pcr ratio greater than 20)

65
Q

What will the UA findings be in obstructive pathologies?

A
  • Tonicity usually isotonic or hypotonic
  • usually heme is negative unless superimposed infection
  • Micro may be totally benign or show evidence of superimposed infection (e.g. RBCs & WBCs)

CVPR: Renal (Exam 4) COPY (29 decks)

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