Intro To Abdomen

Question 1

When the disc folds, which tissue becomes the

1. Gut tube lining
2. Skin (outside)

Answer 1

1. Endoderm

2. Ectoderm

Question 2

Mesentery = organ suspended from _________ ________ ________

Answer 2

Posterior abdominal wall

Question 3

What is the cloaca separated by?

What are the 2 outcomes of this?

Answer 3

1. Urorectal septum

2. Urinary bladder and rectum

Question 4

What is meckels diverticulum?

Answer 4

Vitellointestinal duct remnant

Question 5

What is imperforate anus?

Answer 5

Abnormal urorectal septum formation

Question 6

Where are the upper and lower boundaries of the following:

1. Foregut
2. Midgut
3. Hind gut

Answer 6

1. Lower oesophagus - 2nd part duodenum
2. 2nd part duodenum - 2/3 transverse colon
3. 2/3 transverse colon - upper anal canal

Question 7

What is the name of the blood supply and its vertebral level for the foregut?

Answer 7

Coeliac trunk - T12

Question 8

What is the name of the blood supply and its vertebral level for the midgut?

Answer 8

Superior mesenteric - L1

Question 9

What is the name of the blood supply and its vertebral level for the hindgut?

Answer 9

Inferior mesenteric - L3

Question 10

When the gut is forming, it herniates.

1. What amount of degrees does it rotate?
2. What does it rotate around?

Answer 10

1. 270 degrees

2. Superior mesenteric artery

Question 11

What is omphalocele?

Answer 11

Defect in development of abdominal wall muscles.

Organs outside of body (still in sac).

Question 12

What is gastroschisis?

Answer 12

Defect in anterior abdominal wall.

Contents outside body and there is no sac.

Question 13

What are the 9 quadrants of the abdomen called?

Answer 13

Right and left hypochondrium, epigastric
Right and left flank, umbilical
Right and left iliac fossa, supra-pubic

Question 14

What are the vertical and 2 horizontal planes that divide the quadrants called?

Answer 14

Mid clavicular lines
Sub costal plane
Transtubercular plane

Question 15

1. What is the viscera sensitive to?

2. What is the viscera NOT sensitive to?

Answer 15

1. Stretch, hypoxia, chemicals, environment

2. Cutting, thermal stimuli

Question 16

Briefly explain visceral referred pain…

Answer 16

• may share the same 2nd order neurones
• CNS confuses signal location
• assumes dermatomal pain

Question 17

Foregut

1. What is the sympathetic supply?
2. Where does pain refer to (region + levels)?

Answer 17

1. T5-T9

2. Epigastric: T5-T9

Question 18

Midgut

1. What is the sympathetic supply?
2. Where does pain refer to (region + levels)?

Answer 18

1. T10-T11

2. Umbilical: T10-T11

Question 19

Hindgut

1. What is the sympathetic supply?
2. Where does pain refer to (region + levels)?

Answer 19

1. T11-T12 & L1

2. Suprapubic: L1

Question 20

What are the 5 layers of the anterior abdominal wall from superficial to deep?

Answer 20

1. Skin
2. Superficial fascia
3. Muscles and aponeuroses
4. Transversalis fascia AKA deep fascia
5. Parietal peritoneum

Question 21

What are the 3 main muscles of the abdomen?

Answer 21

1. External oblique
2. Internal oblique
3. Transversus abdominis

Question 22

External oblique

1. Which ribs does it cover?
2. What is the direction of the muscle?
3. What ligament does it form?

Answer 22

1. Ribs 5-12
2. Downwards, forwards and medially
3. Inguinal ligament (ASIS free border - pubic tubercle

Question 23

During what days does the embryonic folding take place?

Answer 23

Days 18-25