INTRO TO AB PSYCH Flashcards

1
Q

∙ Also referred to as Psychopathology (literally: ―pathology of the mind‖) is the study of abnormal behavior.
∙ It is the application of science in the study of mental disorders.
∙ It is the study of individuals with mental, emotional, and physical pain.
∙ Study of the nature, symptomatology, development, and treatment of psychological disorder

A

Abnormal Psychology

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2
Q

Challenges to the study psychopathology:

A

∙ Maintenance objectivity
∙ Avoiding preconceived notion
∙ Reducing stigma

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3
Q

behavior that is socially acceptable to the standards of the society. In short, if behavior is socially acceptable or conforming to the standards of society, then that behavior is normal.

a. Normal Psychology
b. Abnormal Behavior
c. Normal Behavior
d. Abnormal Psychology

A

Normal Behavior

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4
Q

what is accepted by the majority is considered normal. A problem in this definition is that not everything that is accepted by the majority can be considered normal.

a. Normality is average
b. Normality is social conformity
c. Normality is personal comfort

A

Normality is average

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5
Q

Anyone who conforms to the standards of the society is considered normal. Two main problems in this definition put consideration to the Problem of Criminality and the Problem of Social Standards.

a. Normality is average
b. Normality is social conformity
c. Normality is personal comfort

A

Normality is social conformity

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6
Q

If a person feels/experiences pleasure or comfort, then the behavior is considered normal. Likewise, if a person feels/experiences displeasure or discomfort, then that is considered abnormal. Issues with this definition include the Problem of Objective and Subjective Symptoms, the Problem of Individual Reactions to Discomfort, and the Problem of Social Consequences.

a. Normality is average
b. Normality is social conformity
c. Normality is personal comfort

A

Normality is personal comfort

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7
Q

Other definitions for normality:

A
  1. Normality is Ideal
  2. Normality is a process
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8
Q

The view that there are no universal standards or rules for labeling a behavior as abnormal. Behaviors can only be considered abnormal based on or relative to cultural norms.

a. Psychological relativism
b. Cultural relativism
c. Behavioral relativism
d. Normality relativism

A

Cultural relativism

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9
Q

Behaviors which are considered unusual or deviant are considered as abnormal behaviors.

a. Abnormal
b. Unusualness
c. Quirk

A

Unusualness

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10
Q

Behaviors should be considered abnormal only if the individual suffers distress and wishes to be rid of the behaviors.

a. Unusualness
b. Stress
c. Distress

A

Distress

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11
Q

Behaviors are not considered abnormal unless they are a part of a mental illness.

A

Mental illness

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12
Q

Four D’s of Abnormal Behavior

A
  1. Dysfunction
  2. Distress
  3. Deviance
  4. Dangerousness
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13
Q

Criteria for Stating what is Abnormal Behavior:

A
  1. Cultural relativism
  2. Unusualness
  3. Distress
  4. Mental illness
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14
Q

Criteria for Normality

A
  1. Average
  2. Social conformity
  3. Personal comfort
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15
Q

Behavior causes impairment in social and occupational functioning. This means that the behavior interferes with the person’s ability to form and maintain relationships or hold a job.

a. Dysfunction
b. Distress
c. Deviance
d. Dangerousness

A

Dysfunction

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16
Q

Behaviors and feelings that cause distress to the individual or to others around him or her are also likely to be considered abnormal.

a. Dysfunction
b. Distress
c. Deviance
d. Dangerousness

A

Distress

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17
Q

Deviant and unusual behaviors lead to the judgment of abnormality.

a. Dysfunction
b. Distress
c. Deviance
d. Dangerousness

A

Deviance

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18
Q

some behaviors and feelings are of potential harm to the individual, such as suicidal gestures, or to others, such as excessive aggression. Such dangerous behaviors and feelings are often seen as abnormal.

a. Dysfunction
b. Distress
c. Deviance
d. Dangerousness

A

Dangerousness

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19
Q

DEFINING CHARACTERISTICS:

A behavioral or psychological syndrome (groups of associated features) that is associated with:

A
  1. Current distress (painful symptoms), or
  2. Disability (impairment in one or more important areas of functioning), or with
  3. A significantly increased risk of suffering death, pain, disability, or an important loss of freedom
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20
Q

what is the presenting problem of the client?

a. Present
b. Prevalence
c. Sex ratio
d. Incidence

A

Present

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21
Q

how many cases occur during a given period, such as a year?

a. Present
b. Prevalence
c. Sex ratio
d. Incidence

A

Prevalence

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22
Q

that is, what percentage of males and females have the disorder

a. Present
b. Prevalence
c. Sex ratio
d. Incidence

A

Sex ratio

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23
Q

how many new cases occur during a given period, such as a year?

a. Present
b. Prevalence
c. Sex ratio
d. Incidence

A

Incidence

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24
Q

how’s the beginning of the disorder

a. onset
b. Course
c. chronic course
d. episodic course

A

onset

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25
Q

meaning that they begin suddenly

a. acute onset
b. insidious onset

A

acute onset

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26
Q

others develop gradually over an extended period

a. acute onset
b. insidious onset

A

insidious onset

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27
Q

meaning the disorder will improve without treatment in a relatively short period

a. Time-limited course
b. Etiology

A

Time-limited course

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28
Q

what contributes to the development of psychopathology?

a. Time-limited course
b. Etiology

A

Etiology

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29
Q

how can we help to alleviate psychological suffering? It includes pharmacologic, psychosocial, and/or combined treatments

a. Treatment
b. Prognosis
c. Treatment outcome research
d. Specifiers

A

Treatment

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30
Q

the anticipated course of a disorder (e.g. good or guarded)

a. Treatment
b. Prognosis
c. Treatment outcome research
d. Specifiers

A

Prognosis

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31
Q

how do we have helped? Limited in specifying actual causes of disorders

a. Treatment
b. Prognosis
c. Treatment outcome research
d. Specifiers

A

Treatment outcome research

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32
Q

Terms such as mild, severe, in remission, and recurrent as they apply to mood disorders. When a patient no longer has the disorder, an appropriate specifier is Full remission

A

Specifiers

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33
Q

A historical perspective on abnormality wherein this theory saw that abnormal behavior is similar to physical disease, which is caused by a breakdown of the systems of the body. Because of that, the cure for abnormal behavior was to restore bodily health.

a. Biological theory
b. Supernatural theory
c. Psychological theory

A

Biological theory

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34
Q

A historical perspective on abnormality wherein this theory saw abnormal behavior as a result of divine intervention, curses, demonic possession, or personal sin. To rid the person of such, they turn to religious rituals such as exorcism, confession, and atonement.

a. Biological theory
b. Supernatural theory
c. Psychological theory

A

Supernatural theory

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35
Q

A historical perspective on abnormality wherein this theory saw abnormal behavior as a result of
traumas such as bereavement or chronic stress. In this model, rest, relaxation, and a change of environment can be helpful.

a. Biological theory
b. Supernatural theory
c. Psychological theory

A

Psychological theory

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36
Q

Father of Modern Medicine

a. Hippocrates
b. Hippocratic Corpus
c. Galen
d. John P. Grey

A

Hippocrates

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37
Q

The associate of Hippocrates who suggested that psychological disorders can be treated like other diseases. Can be caused by brain trauma or genetics.

a. Hippocrates
b. Hippocratic Corpus
c. Galen
d. John P. Grey

A

Hippocratic Corpus

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38
Q

⮚ Abnormal behavior had natural causes, not because of demonological accounts.

⮚ All problems are caused by imbalance in the body

⮚ Treatment is aimed at balancing

a. Biological tradition
b. Supernatural tradition
c. Psychological tradition

A

Biological tradition

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39
Q

Physician who continued on the work of Hippocrates

a. Hippocrates
b. Hippocratic Corpus
c. Galen
d. John P. Grey

A

Galen

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40
Q

Hippocratic-Galenic Approach: _____ Theory

A

Humoral Theory

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41
Q

What are the four (4) humors in humoral theory?

A

Blood
Black bile
Yellow bile
Phlegm

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42
Q

in the 19 century this STD caused by a bacterial microorganism entering the brain. Behavioral and Cognitive Symptoms include believing that everyone is plotting against you or that you are God, as well as other bizarre behaviors.

a. HIV/AIDS
b. Syphilis
c. Chlamydia
d. Genital herpes

A

Syphilis

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43
Q

What is the cure for Syphilis?

a. Antibiotic
b. Paracetamol
c. Amoxicillin
d. Penicillin

A

Penicillin

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44
Q

Champion of the BT in the US, his position is that the cause of insanity is always physical, mentally ill patients are to be treated as though they are physically ill

a. Hippocrates
b. Hippocratic Corpus
c. Galen
d. John P. Grey

A

John P. Grey

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45
Q

⮚ Demons and Witches
⮚ Supernatural causes of psychological disorders
⮚ Work of the devil or Witchcraft
⮚ Treatment: Exorcism, Shaving a cross pattern in the hair, or securing sufferers to a wall near the front of a church

a. Biological tradition
b. Supernatural tradition
c. Psychological tradition

A

Supernatural Tradition

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46
Q

a natural phenomenon, caused by mental and emotional stress, and is curable

a. Insanity
b. Profanity
c. Melancholy
d. Calamity

A

Insanity

47
Q

Stress and Melancholy
⮚ Insanity was a natural phenomenon, caused by mental and emotional stress, and is curable ⮚ Communal treatment for the insane

a. Biological tradition
b. Supernatural tradition
c. Psychological tradition

A

Supernatural Tradition

48
Q

• Adviser to the King of France
• Bishop and Philosopher
• He also stated the Melancholy is the source of bizarre behavior not demons

a. Nicholas Flamel
b. Nicholas Copernicus
c. Nicholas Oresme
d. Nicholas Sparks

A

Nicholas Oresme

49
Q

What is the source of bizarre behavior according to Nicholas Oresme?

a. Insanity
b. Profanity
c. Melancholy
d. Calamity

A

Melancholy

50
Q

entails divine punishment for homosexuality

A

AIDS

51
Q

Treatment for possession that was considered reliable

A

Exorcism

52
Q

Other treatments of possession

A
  1. beating and confinement
  2. Hanging people over a pit full of poisonous snakes or
  3. Dipping on icy water
53
Q

Large-scale outbreak of bizarre behavior during the Middle Ages wherein people go out running in the streets, dancing, shout, rave, and jump
⮚ They lent support to the notion of possession
⮚ Also called Saint Vitus’ Dance and Tarantism
⮚ Believed to be a reaction to insect bites

A

Mass hysteria

53
Q

Rejected possession and suggested that the movement of the moon and the stars had an effect on human behaviour

a. Plato
b. Paracelsus
c. Nicolas Copernicus
d. Galen

A

Paracelsus

54
Q

⮚ 19th century psychosocial approach to mental disorders
⮚ Moral = emotional or mental
⮚ Treating patients as normally as possible
⮚ 16th century Asylums

a. Psychotherapy
b. Emotional Therapy
c. Moral Therapy
d. Psychosocial therapy

A

Moral therapy

55
Q

⮚ Patients were hypnotized
⮚ Anton Mesmer - suggested to his patients that their problem was caused by an undetectable fluid found in all living organisms called ―animal magnetism,‖ which could become blocked
⮚ Jean Charcot - started the practice of hypnosis as treatment modality
⮚ Freud and Breuer:
▪ Hypnosis: Unconscious
▪ Catharsis
▪ Anna O.

A

Psychoanalytic theory

56
Q

suggested to his patients that their problem was caused by an undetectable fluid found in all living organisms called ―animal magnetism,‖ which could become blocked

a. Anton Mesmer
b. Jean Charcot
c. Freud and Breuer
d. Anna O.

A

Anton Mesmer

57
Q

started the practice of hypnosis as treatment modality

a. Anton Mesmer
b. Jean Charcot
c. Freud and Breuer
d. Anna O.

A

Jean Charcot

58
Q

▪ Hypnosis: Unconscious
▪ Catharsis
▪ Anna O.

a. Anton Mesmer
b. Jean Charcot
c. Freud and Breuer
d. Anna O.

A

Freud and Breuer

59
Q

Psychopathology in the Historical Context

A

⮚ Europe in the Middle Ages: ―lunatics‖, ―idiots‖
⮚ Family, not community responsibility
⮚ 1600s to 1700s = insane asylums
⮚ Change is societal perspective
⮚ Early asylums: human warehouses
⮚ 19th Century: Moral treatment movement
⮚ Large institutions led to the development of new professions such as psychiatry
⮚ Worcester Lunatic Hospital: A Model Institution
⮚ Woodward’s ideas about the causes of disorders represented a combination of physical and moral considerations.
⮚ Invention of public mental hospitals: systematic observation and scientific inquiry ⮚ Psychiatry as a professional group
⮚ Expanded public concern on solving problems of mental disorders
⮚ Some misguided and naïve aspects of 19th century psychiatry
– Masturbation leads to mental disorders

60
Q

Use of drugs in therapy

a. Pharmacotherapy
b. Psychotherapy

A

Pharmacotherapy

61
Q

enMove to integrate patients with their communities: community-based treatment facilities

A

Deinstitutionalization

62
Q

Team of social workers, therapists and physicians

a. Community Mental Health Center
b. Halfway Houses
c. Day Treatment Center

A

Community Mental Health Center

63
Q
  • Long-term treatment
  • Structured and supportive environment

a. Community Mental Health Center
b. Halfway Houses
c. Day Treatment Center

A

Halfway houses

64
Q
  • Treatment during the day, live at home during night

. Community Mental Health Center
b. Halfway Houses
c. Day Treatment Center

A

Day Treatment Center

65
Q

factors that cause a particular behavior

A

Determinants of behavior

66
Q

A factor that makes someone prone or susceptible to a certain pathology

a. Predisposing factors
b. Precipitating factors

A

Predisposing factors

67
Q

▪ Factors that trigger the onset of a certain disorder ▪ Immediate Effect

a. Predisposing factors
b. Precipitating factors

A

Precipitating factors

68
Q

disorders follow a somewhat individual pattern

A

Course

69
Q

He suggested that causes of maladaptive behavior were the social and cultural influences and the
learning that took place in that environment. This belief was a precursor to modern psychosocial
approaches

a. Freud
b. Plato
c. Galen
d. Aristotle

A

Plato

70
Q

does not come out at an early stage, only when triggered

a. Triggered effect
b. Remote effect
c. Immediate effect

A

Remote effect

71
Q

Biological Determinants of Behavior that can be predisposing or precipitating factor:

A

A. Genetic Factor
B. Biological Deprivation
C. Obnoxious Agents
D. Accidents
E. Body Constitutions
F. Biochemical Factors

72
Q

Psychological Determinants of Behavior that can be predisposing or precipitating factor:

A

A. Stress
B. Frustration
C. Over-Use of Defense Mechanisms
D. Psychological Deprivation

73
Q

Socio-cultural Determinants of Behavior that are a Precipitating factor:

A

A. Poverty/Unemployment
B. War
C. Racial Discrimination
D. Rural-Urban Setting
E. Residential Mobility

74
Q

Neurobiological Perspective
– Nervous system controls our behavior

a. Biological Perspective
b. Psychological Perspective
c. Socio-cultural perspective

A

Biological perspective

75
Q

A dysfunction in brain structures and function
can cause abnormal behavior.

a. Brain problem
b. Brain dysfunction
c. Brain dilemma

A

Brain dysfunction

76
Q

biochemical messengers which sends information from neuron to neuron

a. Hormones
b. Neurotransmitters

A

Neurotransmitters

77
Q

emotions and impulses, such as aggressive impulses

a. Serotonin
b. Dopamine
c. Norepinephrine
d. Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA)

A

Serotonin

78
Q

Brain’s reward system, muscle system

a. Serotonin
b. Dopamine
c. Norepinephrine
d. Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA)

A

Dopamine

79
Q

Mood regulation

a. Serotonin
b. Dopamine
c. Norepinephrine
d. Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA)

A

Norepinephrine

80
Q

Inhibitor of Neurotransmitter action

a. Serotonin
b. Dopamine
c. Norepinephrine
d. Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA)

A

Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA)

81
Q

Study of the genetics of personality and abnormality

A

Behavioral Genetics

82
Q

Alteration in the gene structure can cause abnormalities

A

Genetic abnormalities

83
Q

Influences of punishments and reinforcements in producing behavior

a. Behavioral
b. Cognitive
c. Psychodynamic
d. Humanistic

A

Behavioral perspective

84
Q

Thoughts or beliefs shape our behaviors and the emotions we experience

a. Behavioral
b. Cognitive
c. Psychodynamic
d. Humanistic

A

Cognitive perspective

85
Q

All behavior, thoughts, and emotions, whether normal or abnormal, are influenced to a large extent by
unconscious processes

a. Behavioral
b. Cognitive
c. Psychodynamic
d. Humanistic

A

Psychodynamic perspective

86
Q

– Assumption that humans have an innate capacity for goodness and for living a full life.
– \recognized that we often are not aware of the forces shaping our behavior and
that the environment can play a strong role in our happiness or unhappiness

a. Behavioral
b. Cognitive
c. Psychodynamic
d. Humanistic

A

Humanistic

87
Q

This perspective can influence the development of abnormal behavior. Factors include Socio-
economic status, poverty and unemployment, environmental issues, housing concerns, cultural and religious practices, etc.

a. Biological Perspective
b. Psychological Perspective
c. Socio-cultural perspective

A

Socio-cultural perspective

88
Q

-an integrative paradigm that links genetic, neurobiological, psychological, and environmental factors.

-focuses on the interaction between a predisposition toward disease—the diathesis—and environmental, or life, disturbances—the stress.

A

diathesis-stress paradigm

89
Q

refers most precisely to a constitutional predisposition toward illness, but the term may be extended to any characteristic or set of characteristics of a person that increases his or her chance of developing a disorder.

A

Diathesis

90
Q

▪ Objective
▪ Based from clinician’s observation

a. signs
b. symptoms
c. syndrome

A

signs

91
Q

▪ Subjective
▪ Subjective experiences of the patient

a. signs
b. symptoms
c. syndrome

A

symptoms

92
Q

a constellation of signs and symptoms that make up a recognizable condition, is often used to show the overlap of the two.

a. signs
b. symptoms
c. syndrome

A

syndrome

93
Q

state of awareness

a. Apperception
b. Consciousness
c. Awareness
d. Sensorium

A

Consciousness

94
Q

perception modified by one’s own thoughts and emotions

a. Apperception
b. Consciousness
c. Awareness
d. Sensorium

A

Apperception

95
Q

refers to the state of functioning of the
special senses

a. Apperception
b. Consciousness
c. Awareness
d. Sensorium

A

Sensorium

96
Q

disturbed orientation regarding time, place, or person.

a. Disorientation
b. Delirium
c. Clouding of consciousness
d. Stupor

A

Disorientation

97
Q

patient exhibits confusion, restlessness, bewilderment, and a disoriented reaction that is usually associated with hallucinations and fear.

a. Disorientation
b. Delirium
c. Clouding of consciousness
d. Stupor

A

Delirium

98
Q

a state of perceptual and cognitive confusion.

a. Disorientation
b. Delirium
c. Clouding of consciousness
d. Stupor

A

Clouding of consciousness

99
Q

a general condition wherein the patient exhibits extreme unresponsiveness and loss of orientation to the environment.

a. Disorientation
b. Delirium
c. Clouding of consciousness
d. Stupor

A

Stupor

100
Q

a disturbance in consciousness, with hallucinations.

a. Twilight state
b. Dreamlike state
c. Somnolence
d. Coma vigil (Akinetic mutism)
e. Coma

A

Twilight state

101
Q

another term for psychomotor epilepsy or complex partial seizure.

a. Twilight state
b. Dreamlike state
c. Somnolence
d. Coma vigil (Akinetic mutism)
e. Coma

A

Dreamlike state

102
Q

abnormal drowsiness, usually displayed in organic processes.

a. Twilight state
b. Dreamlike state
c. Somnolence
d. Coma vigil (Akinetic mutism)
e. Coma

A

Somnolence

103
Q

patient appears to be sleeping but is aroused easily.

a. Twilight state
b. Dreamlike state
c. Somnolence
d. Coma vigil (Akinetic mutism)
e. Coma

A

Coma vigil (Akinetic mutism)

104
Q

profound level of consciousness, abnormal state of deep stupor that is accompanied by a total
loss of consciousness, loss of voluntary behavior and some reflexes.

a. Twilight state
b. Dreamlike state
c. Somnolence
d. Coma vigil (Akinetic mutism)
e. Coma

A

Coma

105
Q

selective aspects of perception; quantity of effort given to focusing on parts of an experience; ability to concentrate

a. Attention
b. Distractibility
c. Selective attention
d. Hyper vigilance

A

Attention

106
Q

the inability to concentrate or focus attention because patient is easily drawn to
irrelevant external stimuli.

a. Attention
b. Distractibility
c. Selective attention
d. Hyper vigilance

A

Distractibility

107
Q

blocking out of anxiety-causing stimuli.

a. Attention
b. Distractibility
c. Selective attention
d. Hyper vigilance

A

Selective attention

108
Q

excessive focus and attention is given to all internal and external stimuli due to paranoia.

a. Attention
b. Distractibility
c. Selective attention
d. Hyper vigilance

A

Hyper vigilance

109
Q

uncritical and compliant response to influence or an idea.

a. Suggestibility
b. Folie a deux (or folie a trois)
c. Hypnosis

A

Suggestibility

110
Q

emotional/mental illness shared between two (or three) persons; also
called shared psychosis between two (or three) persons.

a. Suggestibility
b. Folie a deux (or folie a trois)
c. Hypnosis

A

Folie a deux (folie a trois)

111
Q

artificially induced consciousness characterized by heightened suggestibility.

a. Suggestibility
b. Folie a deux (or folie a trois)
c. Hypnosis

A

Hypnosis

112
Q

a complex feeling or state related to mood and affect with psychic, somatic, and behavioural
components.

A