Intro to A&P Flashcards
What is Anatomy?
structure of body parts including their forms & organization
What is Physiology?
study of function of body parts. How they work.
What do chemicals consist of?
atoms.
ie such as hydrogen & lithium.
How are molecules formed?
When atoms chemically bond together
ie water & glucose
What are macromolecules?
When small molecules chemically combine
ie Protein & DNA
What is the basic unit structure in humans?
The cell
ie muscle cells - nerve cells
What are cells made of?
organelles
What are organelles made of?
Macromolecules
ie mitrochondria, golgi apparatus & nuclei
What are tissues made from?
Similar cells to form
ie simple, squamous, epithelial, connective tissues
What are organs formed from?
tissues
ie skin, femur, heart, & kidney.
What are organ systems formed from?
Organs
ie integumentary system, skeletal system, & digestive system
What are organisms formed from?
Organ systems
In A&P the organism is the human
Describe movement
a change in body position/body part position. includes motions of internal organs.
Describe responsiveness
a reaction to a change taking place inside/outside the body.
Describe growth
an increase in body size.
Describe reproduction
production of new organisms & new cells.
Describe Respiration
process of obtaining O2, removing CO2, & releasing energy from foods.
Describe Absorption
passage of substances thru membranes & into body fluids
Describe Circulation
movement of substances from place to place in body fluids
Describe Assilimation
changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms
Describe Excretion
removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions
Describe Metabolism
all chemical reactions in cells that use energy
What are 5 requirements of life?
1.water, 2.food, 3.oxygen,4. heat, & 5.pressure
What is the most abundant substance of the body?
Water
What are 4 major uses of water by the body?
- metabolic processes
- a medium for metabolic reactions
- transport substances
- regulate body temperature
What substances provide organisms with nutrients?
Food
What do nutrients do?
supply energy & raw materials for building new living matter
How much of air is oxygen?
1/5
What does the body use oxygen for?
in the process of releasing energy from nutrients.
What is heat in regard to the body?
A form of energy
helps to regulate rates of metabolic reactions.
What is pressure?
The application of force on an object
What is atmospheric pressure?
the force acting on the outside of a land organism due to the weight of air above it
How does atmospheric pressure relate to the human body?
plays an important role in breathing.
What is hydrostatic pressure?
plays an important role in breathing.
What is Homeostasis?
body’s maintenance of a stable internal environment
What are Homeostatic Mechanisms?
self-regulating mechanisms that maintain homeostasis
What are 3 components of a homeostatic mechanism?
- receptors,
- a control center
- effectors.
What do receptors do?
provide information about specific conditions in the internal environment
What do control centers do?
function to decide what a particular value should be.
What do effectors do?
cause responses that change conditions in the internal environment
What is a negative feedback mechanism?
deviation from the set point is corrected & the correction
reduces the action of the effectors.
ie thermostat
What is included in the Axial portion of the body?
head, neck, & trunk.
What is included in the Appendicular portion of the body?
upper & lower limbs.
What are the 2 major cavities in the Axial portion?
dorsal cavity & a ventral cavity.
What are Viscera?
organs within body cavities.
What are the two parts of the Dorsal Cavity?
the cranial cavity (houses the brain)
& the vertebral canal. (houses the spinal cord)
What are the 2 divisions of the Ventral Cavity?
thoracic cavity & the abdominopelvic cavity
These are divided by the diaphragm
What organs are found in the Thoracic Cavity?
- lungs
- heart
- esophagus
- trachea
- thymus gland
What is the region between the lungs called?
mediastinum
What organ are located in the mediastium?
- heart
- esophagus
- trachea
- thymus gland.
What are the two portion of the abdominopelvic cavity?
abdominal cavity & the pelvic cavity
What are the organs of the abdominal cavity?
- stomach
- liver
- spleen,
- gallbladder,
- Small and large intestines
What are the organs of the pelvic cavity?
- terminal end of the large intestine
- urinary bladder
- internal reproductive organs.
What are for 4 smaller cavities in the head?
- oral cavity
- nasal cavity
- orbital cavities
- middle ear cavities.
What do serous membranes do?
lining the walls of the thoracic & abdominal cavities & fold back over to cover the organs
What is the serous membrane that lines the thoracic cavity called?
parietal pleura.
What is the serous membrane that covers the lungs called?
visceral pleura.
What is the pueral cavity?
the potential space between the visceral pleura & the parietal pleura
What is the serous membrane that covers the heart’s surface?
visceral pericardium.
What separated the visceral pericardium from the parietal pericardium?
Serous fluid
What is the serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic wall?
parietal peritoneum
What is the serous membrane that covers each abdominal organ?
visceral peritoneum
What is the potential space btw the visceral peritoneum & parietal peritoneum?
peritoneal cavity
Name the 11 organ systems
- integumentary system
- skeletal system
3.muscular system - nervous system
- endocrine system
- cardiovascular system
- lymphatic system
- digestive system
- respiratory system
- urinary system
11 reproductive systems
Name the 5 organs of the integumentary system
- skin
- hair
- nails
- sweat glands
- sebaceous glands.
Name the 4 major functions of the integumentary system
- protect underlying tissues
- regulate body temperature
- house sensory receptors
- synthesize various substances.
Name the 3 organs of the skeletal system
- bones
- ligaments
- cartilage
The 5 major functions of the skeletal system
- provide framework
- protect organs
- provide attachments for muscles
- produce blood cells
- store inorganic salts
Name the organs of the muscular system
Muscles
Name the 3 major functions of the muscular system
- to move body parts
- maintain posture
- produce body heat.
Name the 4 organs of the nervous system
- brain
- spinal cord
- nerves
- sense organs
Name the3 major functions of the nervous ststem
- receive impulses from sensory part
- interpret sensory impulses
- act on sensory impulses by activating muscles or glands
Name the 9 organs of the endocrine system
- pituitary gland
- thyroid gland
- parathyroid glands
- adrenal glands
- pancreas
- ovaries
- teste
- pineal gland
- thymus gland.
What is the major function of the endocrine system
produce hormones that regulate metabolism by
stimulating target tissues.
What are the 2 organs of the Cardiovascular sytem?
- heart
2, blood vessels
Name the 3 major functions of the cardiovascular system
- pump blood
- carry blood to & from body parts
3,Blood transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones & wastes.
Name the 4 organs of the lymphatic system
- lymphatic vessels
- lymph nodes
- thymus
- spleen
Name the 3 major functions of the lymphatic system
- transport lymph from tissue spaces to bloodstream
- carry certain fatty substances away from digestive organs.
3, Lymphocytes defend against disease-causing agents.
Name the 11 organs of the digestive system
- mouth
- teeth
- salivary glands
4, pharynx
5.esophagus - stomach
- liver
- gallbladder
- pancreas
- small intestine
- large intestine
Name the 3 major functions of the digestive system
- receive food, break
- down nutrients to pass through cell membranes
- eliminate materials that are not absorbed
Name the 6 organs of the respiratory system
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- lungs
Name the 2 major functions of the respiratory system
1, take in & release air
2. to exchange gases btw blood & air.
Name the 4 organs of the urinary system
- kidneys
- ureter
- bladder
- urethra
Name the 2 major functions of the urinary system
- filter wastes from blood
2. maintain fluid & electrolyte balance.
Name the 6 organs of the female reproductive system
1, ovaries
- uterine tube
- uterus
- vagina
- clitoris
- vulva.
Name the 9 organs of the male reproductive system
1, scrotum
- testes
- epididymide
- vasa deferentia
- seminal vesicle
- prostate gland
- bulbourethral glands
- urethra,
- penis
What areThe major functions of the reproductive system
1, produce, maintain, & transport sex cells.
2.female system houses developing offspring.
4 Signs of aging in the 30’s
- gray hair
- faint facial lines
- minor joint stiffness
- decrease in female fertility.
4 Signs of aging 40’s 50’s
- fading of hair color
- wrinkles
- increased blood pressure
- elevated blood glucose levels.
2 Signs of aging in the 60’s
- deepening wrinkles
2. waning immune system.
What causes wrinkles?
decreased amt of collagen, elastin, & subcutaneous fats in
skin.
What causes Alzheimers?
build up of beta amyloid in the brain
speculation
