Intro to A&P Flashcards
1
Q
What is Anatomy?
A
structure of body parts including their forms & organization
2
Q
What is Physiology?
A
study of function of body parts. How they work.
3
Q
What do chemicals consist of?
A
atoms.
ie such as hydrogen & lithium.
4
Q
How are molecules formed?
A
When atoms chemically bond together
ie water & glucose
5
Q
What are macromolecules?
A
When small molecules chemically combine
ie Protein & DNA
6
Q
What is the basic unit structure in humans?
A
The cell
ie muscle cells - nerve cells
7
Q
What are cells made of?
A
organelles
8
Q
What are organelles made of?
A
Macromolecules
ie mitrochondria, golgi apparatus & nuclei
9
Q
What are tissues made from?
A
Similar cells to form
ie simple, squamous, epithelial, connective tissues
10
Q
What are organs formed from?
A
tissues
ie skin, femur, heart, & kidney.
11
Q
What are organ systems formed from?
A
Organs
ie integumentary system, skeletal system, & digestive system
12
Q
What are organisms formed from?
A
Organ systems
In A&P the organism is the human
13
Q
Describe movement
A
a change in body position/body part position. includes motions of internal organs.
14
Q
Describe responsiveness
A
a reaction to a change taking place inside/outside the body.
15
Q
Describe growth
A
an increase in body size.
16
Q
Describe reproduction
A
production of new organisms & new cells.
17
Q
Describe Respiration
A
process of obtaining O2, removing CO2, & releasing energy from foods.
18
Q
Describe Absorption
A
passage of substances thru membranes & into body fluids
19
Q
Describe Circulation
A
movement of substances from place to place in body fluids
20
Q
Describe Assilimation
A
changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms
21
Q
Describe Excretion
A
removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions
22
Q
Describe Metabolism
A
all chemical reactions in cells that use energy
23
Q
What are 5 requirements of life?
A
1.water, 2.food, 3.oxygen,4. heat, & 5.pressure
24
Q
What is the most abundant substance of the body?
A
Water
25
What are 4 major uses of water by the body?
1. metabolic processes
2. a medium for metabolic reactions
3. transport substances
4. regulate body temperature
26
What substances provide organisms with nutrients?
Food
27
What do nutrients do?
supply energy & raw materials for building new living matter
28
How much of air is oxygen?
1/5
29
What does the body use oxygen for?
in the process of releasing energy from nutrients.
30
What is heat in regard to the body?
A form of energy
| helps to regulate rates of metabolic reactions.
31
What is pressure?
The application of force on an object
32
What is atmospheric pressure?
the force acting on the outside of a land organism due to the weight of air above it
33
How does atmospheric pressure relate to the human body?
plays an important role in breathing.
34
What is hydrostatic pressure?
plays an important role in breathing.
35
What is Homeostasis?
body’s maintenance of a stable internal environment
36
What are Homeostatic Mechanisms?
self-regulating mechanisms that maintain homeostasis
37
What are 3 components of a homeostatic mechanism?
1. receptors,
2. a control center
3. effectors.
38
What do receptors do?
provide information about specific conditions in the internal environment
39
What do control centers do?
function to decide what a particular value should be.
40
What do effectors do?
cause responses that change conditions in the internal environment
41
What is a negative feedback mechanism?
deviation from the set point is corrected & the correction
reduces the action of the effectors.
ie thermostat
42
What is included in the Axial portion of the body?
head, neck, & trunk.
43
What is included in the Appendicular portion of the body?
upper & lower limbs.
44
What are the 2 major cavities in the Axial portion?
dorsal cavity & a ventral cavity.
45
What are Viscera?
organs within body cavities.
46
What are the two parts of the Dorsal Cavity?
the cranial cavity (houses the brain)
| & the vertebral canal. (houses the spinal cord)
47
What are the 2 divisions of the Ventral Cavity?
thoracic cavity & the abdominopelvic cavity
| These are divided by the diaphragm
48
What organs are found in the Thoracic Cavity?
1. lungs
2. heart
3. esophagus
4. trachea
5. thymus gland
49
What is the region between the lungs called?
mediastinum
50
What organ are located in the mediastium?
1. heart
2. esophagus
3. trachea
4. thymus gland.
51
What are the two portion of the abdominopelvic cavity?
abdominal cavity & the pelvic cavity
52
What are the organs of the abdominal cavity?
1. stomach
2. liver
3. spleen,
4. gallbladder,
5. Small and large intestines
53
What are the organs of the pelvic cavity?
1. terminal end of the large intestine
2. urinary bladder
3. internal reproductive organs.
54
What are for 4 smaller cavities in the head?
1. oral cavity
2. nasal cavity
3. orbital cavities
4. middle ear cavities.
55
What do serous membranes do?
lining the walls of the thoracic & abdominal cavities & fold back over to cover the organs
56
What is the serous membrane that lines the thoracic cavity called?
parietal pleura.
57
What is the serous membrane that covers the lungs called?
visceral pleura.
58
What is the pueral cavity?
the potential space between the visceral pleura & the parietal pleura
59
What is the serous membrane that covers the heart’s surface?
visceral pericardium.
60
What separated the visceral pericardium from the parietal pericardium?
Serous fluid
61
What is the serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic wall?
parietal peritoneum
62
What is the serous membrane that covers each abdominal organ?
visceral peritoneum
63
What is the potential space btw the visceral peritoneum & parietal peritoneum?
peritoneal cavity
64
Name the 11 organ systems
1. integumentary system
2. skeletal system
3.muscular system
4. nervous system
5. endocrine system
6. cardiovascular system
7. lymphatic system
8. digestive system
9. respiratory system
10. urinary system
11 reproductive systems
65
Name the 5 organs of the integumentary system
1. skin
2. hair
3. nails
4. sweat glands
5. sebaceous glands.
66
Name the 4 major functions of the integumentary system
1. protect underlying tissues
2. regulate body temperature
3. house sensory receptors
4. synthesize various substances.
67
Name the 3 organs of the skeletal system
1. bones
2. ligaments
3. cartilage
68
The 5 major functions of the skeletal system
1. provide framework
2. protect organs
3. provide attachments for muscles
4. produce blood cells
5. store inorganic salts
69
Name the organs of the muscular system
Muscles
70
Name the 3 major functions of the muscular system
1. to move body parts
2. maintain posture
3. produce body heat.
71
Name the 4 organs of the nervous system
1. brain
2. spinal cord
3. nerves
4. sense organs
72
Name the3 major functions of the nervous ststem
1. receive impulses from sensory part
2. interpret sensory impulses
3. act on sensory impulses by activating muscles or glands
73
Name the 9 organs of the endocrine system
1. pituitary gland
2. thyroid gland
3. parathyroid glands
4. adrenal glands
5. pancreas
6. ovaries
7. teste
8. pineal gland
9. thymus gland.
74
What is the major function of the endocrine system
produce hormones that regulate metabolism by
| stimulating target tissues.
75
What are the 2 organs of the Cardiovascular sytem?
1. heart
| 2, blood vessels
76
Name the 3 major functions of the cardiovascular system
1. pump blood
2. carry blood to & from body parts
3,Blood transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones & wastes.
77
Name the 4 organs of the lymphatic system
1. lymphatic vessels
2. lymph nodes
3. thymus
4. spleen
78
Name the 3 major functions of the lymphatic system
1. transport lymph from tissue spaces to bloodstream
2. carry certain fatty substances away from digestive organs.
3, Lymphocytes defend against disease-causing agents.
79
Name the 11 organs of the digestive system
1. mouth
2. teeth
3. salivary glands
4, pharynx
5.esophagus
6. stomach
7. liver
8. gallbladder
9. pancreas
10. small intestine
11. large intestine
80
Name the 3 major functions of the digestive system
1. receive food, break
2. down nutrients to pass through cell membranes
3. eliminate materials that are not absorbed
81
Name the 6 organs of the respiratory system
1. nasal cavity
2. pharynx
3. larynx
4. trachea
5. bronchi
6. lungs
82
Name the 2 major functions of the respiratory system
1, take in & release air
| 2. to exchange gases btw blood & air.
83
Name the 4 organs of the urinary system
1. kidneys
2. ureter
3. bladder
4. urethra
84
Name the 2 major functions of the urinary system
1. filter wastes from blood
| 2. maintain fluid & electrolyte balance.
85
Name the 6 organs of the female reproductive system
1, ovaries
2. uterine tube
3. uterus
4. vagina
5. clitoris
6. vulva.
86
Name the 9 organs of the male reproductive system
1, scrotum
2. testes
3. epididymide
4. vasa deferentia
5. seminal vesicle
6. prostate gland
7. bulbourethral glands
8. urethra,
9. penis
87
What areThe major functions of the reproductive system
1, produce, maintain, & transport sex cells.
| 2.female system houses developing offspring.
88
4 Signs of aging in the 30's
1. gray hair
2. faint facial lines
3. minor joint stiffness
4. decrease in female fertility.
89
4 Signs of aging 40's 50's
1. fading of hair color
2. wrinkles
3. increased blood pressure
4. elevated blood glucose levels.
90
2 Signs of aging in the 60's
1. deepening wrinkles
| 2. waning immune system.
91
What causes wrinkles?
decreased amt of collagen, elastin, & subcutaneous fats in
| skin.
92
What causes Alzheimers?
build up of beta amyloid in the brain
| speculation
