Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Lab Medicine > Intro terms and lab tests > Flashcards

Intro terms and lab tests Flashcards

1
Q

what term measures the validity of tests?

A

specificity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what term is disease oriented and identifies those with the disease correctly?

A

sensitivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

If a test is highly sensitive what does is minimize?

A

false negatives

SNOUT (Sensitive test with Negative results rules OUT disease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

true positives/ true positives + false negatives =??

A

sensitivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What term is healthy oriented and correctly identifies those without disease?

A

specificity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

If specificity is high, what does it minimize?

A 
false positives
(SPIN) Specific test with Positive result rules IN disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

true negatives/ true negatives + false positives=??

A

specificity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the normal range or reference range?

A

the test results from healthy patient population that distribute into a bell curve
central 95% is the tests normal range
*healthy individuals may fall outside the range and thats their own normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What test would be helpful in diagnosing UTI, kidney stones, malignancy and identifying systemic disease?

A

Urinalysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Physical exam part of urinalysis; what would these characteristics determine?
cloudy, foul smell, sweet smell, red color, yellow color, brown color

A

cloudy-bacteria, blood, crystals
foul smell-infection, sweet smell-ketones/diabetes
red-hematuria, kidney stones, UTI, bladder cancer
yellow-dehydration
brown-gomerulonephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

specific gravity of chemical part of urinalysis shows what

A

elevated with volume depletion

decreased with excessive fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

pH of urinalysis (4.6-8); if abnormal what does that indicate?

A

increased with vomiting, UTI, kidney disease

decreased with aspirin overdose, starvation, alcohol, high protein diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

should protein be in the urine?

A

no– too large to pass through glomerulus, indicates glomerulonephritis, diabetes complication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

glucose in the urine indicates what?

A

uncontrolled diabetes, burns, pancreatitis, corticosteroid use, kushings disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ketones in the urine indicates what?

ketones are produced from the breakdown of fat

A

starvation, alcoholism, diabetic ketoacidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

bilirubin in the urine indicates what?

A

by-product of hemolysis

biliary obstruction and liver injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

leukocyte esterase (detects enzymes released by WBCs) in the urine indicates what

A

UTI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

urobilinogen (bilirubin can interact with bacteria in the gut to produce it) in the urine is associated with what?

A

hemolysis and hepatocellular disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

nitrites in the urine

only some bacteria convert nitrate to nitrite

A

infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

upon microscopic exam of urinalysis what is the normal range under high power:
WBC
RBC

A

WBC: 0-5
RBC: 0-3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

red blood casts indicates what?

A

glomerulonephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

white blood casts indicates what?

A

pyelonephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

test that is sensitive for liver injury (in addition to aspartate aminotransferase/AST)

A

alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what liver profile test would be elevated with bile duct obstruction?

A

alkaline phosphatase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is elevated with liver injury or biliary obstruction and parallels alkaline phosphatase?

A

GGT (gamma glutamyl transpeptidase)

26
Q

what is unconjugated bilirubin elevated with and what is conjugated bilirubin elevated with?

A

unconjugated(bilirubin bound to albumin, not water soluble)-hemolysis
conjugated (water soluable)- bile duct obstruction

27
Q

what plasma protein is a marker of liver function?

A

albumin

28
Q

what measures the time required for coagulation to occur, a measure of liver function and the coagulation proteins produced by the liver?

A

prothromin time

29
Q

what are indications for ordering coagulation studies

A

unexplained bleeding disorder/excessive bruising
pregnancy loss
patients on heparin or coumadin

30
Q

what coagulation study measures the extrinsic pathway and deals with INR in monitoring patients on coumadin?

A

PT (prothrombin time)

31
Q

what coagulation study measures the intrinsic pathway and is used to monitor heparin therapy?

A

aPTT (partial thromboplastin time)

32
Q

what do prolonged coagulation studies indicate?

A

patients on coumadin or heparin
liver injury–cirrhosis
vitamin K deficiency

33
Q

increased levels of amylase and lipase may be associated with what?

A

pancreatitis, biliary obstruction, pancreatic carcinoma

34
Q

is amylase or lipase more specific for pancreatic inflammation

A

lipase

35
Q

electrolyte tests measure what?

A

overall fluid status, acid/base status

36
Q

what electrolyte is the major extracellular cation, involved in blood and body fluid homeostasis, conduction of impulses and regulated by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus?

A

Sodium

37
Q

dehydration, vomiting and diarrhea, and endocrine problems would cause sodium levels to increase or decrease?

A

increase (>145)

38
Q

overhydration and cushings disease would cause sodium levels to do what?

A

decrease (

39
Q

the major intracellular cation and involved in impulse conduction through membrane depolarization

A

potassium

40
Q

cell injury, kidney failure and addisons disease do what to potassium

A

elevate (>5)

*arrhythmia’s

41
Q

malnutrition, vomiting and diarrhea, diuretics do what to potassium?

A

decrease (

42
Q

effect on chloride levels
dehydration and overactive parathyroid glands:
vomiting/ loss of gastric acid:

A

elevated (>107)

decrease (

43
Q

use of antacids and kidney disease does what to magnesium

A

elevate

44
Q

inadequate absorption and diuretics does what to magnesium

A

decrease

45
Q

calcium
-half is protein bound, half is ionized
only ionized is metabolically active
important in what?

A

muscle contraction, cardiac function, nerve impulse, blood clotting

46
Q

hyperparathyroid, cancer, excessive vitamin D

-does what to calcium levels?

A

elevate

47
Q

hypoparathyroid, deficient protein, vitamin D deficiency

-does what to calcium levels?

A

decrease

48
Q

effect of insulin and glucagon on blood glucose

A

insulin–decrease

glucagon–increase

49
Q

what test measures the average blood glucose over the past 2-3 months

A

hemoglobin A1C (normal

50
Q

what does BUN measure

A

blood urea nitrogen

protein breakdown–waste is produced as urea in the liver–urea filtered by kidneys, excreted in urine

51
Q

impaired kidney function, decreased protein catabolism, dehydration
–elevated or decreased BUN?

A

elevated

52
Q

liver failure, malnutrition, endocrine disorders

–elevated or decreased BUN

A

decreased

53
Q

production of ___ is constant and correlates with muscle mass, excreted by kidneys, assess renal function

A

creatinine

54
Q

what kidney test is more specific and sensitive than BUN in kidney disease

A

creatinine

55
Q

impaired renal function, large muscle mass–
decreased muscle mass, liver disease–
which is elevated creatinine and which is decreased

A

elevated creatinine–impaired renal function

decrease– decrease muscle mass and liver disease

56
Q

levels of ___ are increased with: excessive cell breakdown of nucleonic acids(gout), destruction of cells (leukemia), inability to excrete ___ (renal failure)

A

uric acid

57
Q

whats the most sensitive test for screening thyroid disorders

A

TSH

58
Q

decreased TSH, increased T4 and T3 is what

A

hyperthyroidism

59
Q

elevated TSH, decreased T4 and T3 is what

A

hypothyroidism

60
Q

what is the gold standard for streptococcal pharyngitis

A

throat culture

61
Q

Misc labs:
sedimentation rate–
screen for venous thrombosis–
increased with CHF–

A

marker of inflammation
D dimer
brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)

Lab Medicine (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions