Intro Sommelier Course - Day Two Flashcards
1
Q
Italy: What are wines without geographic indication?
A
Vino (generic wines - blanco, rosso, rosato)
2
Q
Italy: What are wines with geographic indication?
A
IGP Indicazione Geografica Protetta (includes IGT Indicazione Geografica Tipica); DOP Denominazione di Origine Protetta (includes DOC and DOCG). Can use either depending on classification in “old” system - traditional DOCG zone probs won’t use DOP acronym)
3
Q
Italy: What is Italy’s most important river in Piedmont?
A
Po
4
Q
Italy: What is the grape variety of Barolo and Barbaresco DOCG within Piedmont?
A
Red, 100% Nebbiolo
5
Q
Italy: How is the vinification Amarone made?
A
Using the appassimiento process (grapes are harvested, dried, fermented > yields high alcohol wine)
6
Q
What country is home to some of the world’s coolest vineyards at the northernmost extreme of viticulture in the northern hemisphere. Some of the top vineyards are also among the world’s steepest producing what is arguably the world’s purest expression of Riesling.
A
Germany
7
Q
Germany: What is the German term for the grape variety Pinot Noir?
A
Spatburgunder
8
Q
Germany: What is Germany’s viticulture?
A
Vineyards planned on steep, south-facing hillsides to max sunlight. Long, cool growing season but struggle to fully ripen.
9
Q
Germany: What are important rivers to Germany’s wine regions?
A
Rhine, Mosel, and their tributaries
10
Q
Germany: What is the Pradikat system based on?
A
Ripeness of grapes at harvest. 6 levels of quality
11
Q
Germany: What are the 6 Pradikat levels of quality from least to most ripe?
A
Kabinett, Spatlese, Auslese, Beerenauslese (BA), Eiswein, Trockenbeerenauslese (TBA)
12
Q
Germany: What are all GG (Grosses Gewachs) wines?
A
Dry, or trocken, wines from the top vineyard sites in the VDP Classification.
13
Q
Austria: What are the primary white grape varieties grown in Austria?
A
Gruner Veltliner and Riesling
14
Q
Austria: What is the important river that flows through Austria’s main wine-growing regions?
A
Danube
15
Q
Austria: What are the 4 main wine regions of Austria?
A
Niederosterreich, Wien, Burgenland, and Styria
16
Q
Austria: What are the 3 important sub-regions of Niederosterreich?
A
Kremstal DAC, Kamptal DAC, and Wachau
17
Q
Austria: What are the 3 categories of Wachau dry wine classification?
A
Steinfeder (11.5% max, lightest), Federspiel (11.5-12.5%). Smaragd (12.5% min, rich and dry white wines)
18
Q
Austria: What is the vinification of Austrian wines?
A
Very dry or very sweet
19
Q
Spain: What are the sub-regions of Rioja?
A
Rioja Alavesa, Rioja Alta, Rioja Baja
20
Q
Spain: What is the importance of oak aging to red wines and bottle aging requirements in Rioja?
A
Crianza requires total of 2 yrs. Reserva requires 3 yrs including 1 year in oak. Gran Reserva requiress at least 2 years in oak and 3 years in bottle
21
Q
Spain: What is the location, climate, primary grape variety, and style of wine in Rias Baixas DO?
A
“Green Spain” bordering Portugal, humid and maritime, white albariño grape, crisp/dry/aromatic white wine
22
Q
Spain: What is the location, climate, primary grape variety, and style of wine in Rioja DOCa?
A
1 of 2 DOCas. Protected by Pyrenees and Cantabrian Mtns, continental climate w/ rain shadow, primarily virua for white graps and tempranillo/garnacha for red wines
23
Q
Spain: What is the location, climate, primary grape variety, and style of wine in Duero River Valley?
A
Continental w extreme diurnal shifts, on high central plateau (Meseta), red grape variety Tempranillo, grapes get very ripe, red wines only w small rose production
24
Q
Spain: What is the location, climate, primary grape variety, and style of wine in Toro DO?
A
Contential w hot/dry summers, red Tempranillo, rich/intense red wines
25
Spain: What is the location, climate, primary grape variety, and style of wine in Rueda DO?
Continental, white Verdejo/Sauv Blanc, crisp/dry white wines
26
Spain: What is the location, climate, primary grape variety, and style of wine in Penedes DO/Cava DO?
Environs of Barcelona reaching to Pyrenees Mtns at French border, Mediterranean, white Macabeo/Xarel-lo/Parellada, sparkling wines by traditional method
27
Spain: What is the location, climate, primary grape variety, and style of wine in Priorat DOCa?
1 of 2 DOCa wines of Spain (DOQ in Catalan). Rugged and close to Mediterranean Sea, hot and dry, stony schist soils, red Garnacha (Grenache) and Cariñena (Carignan), low yields, intense/concentrated/dry red wines
28
Portugal: What is the location, climate, main grape variety, and style of Vinho Verde DOG?
Northern Portugal on Atlantic Coast south of Spanish border, cool/maritime/rainy/humid, white Loureiro (most planted)/Trajadura, Alvarinho (Albariño), low-alcohol/high acid/efferverscent white wine
29
Portugal: What is the location, climate, main grape variety, and style of Douro DOG?
Northern Portugal along Douro River, 3 sub-regions that become drier and hotter as you move inland from Atlantic Ocean, mountainous/wild/remove, schist, red Touriga Nacional, steep vineyard, single vineyards (quintas), rich/dry/ripe/powerful red wines
30
Portugal: What are the three sub-regions of Douro DOP?
Baixo Corgo, Cima Corgo, Douro Superior
31
Portugal: What are 3 DOP regions located in Portugal?
Bairrada, Dao, and Alentejo
32
North America (US): Who were key contributors to success of industry?
Agoston Haraszthy (Hungarian fur trader) is the father of California wine industry, Robert Mondavia and Andre Tchelistcheff brought quality winemaking back to life in California
33
North America (US): What is the governing body that regulates bev alcohol in US?
TTB (Tax & Trade Bureau)
34
North America (US): What are wine label min requirements for variety?
75% min variety if from USA, state, county, or AVA. 90% min in Oregon
35
North America (US): What are wine label min requirements for vintage?
85% min from vintge stated if from state or county. 95% min from vintage if stated from AVA or single vineyard
36
North America (US): What are wine label min requirements for appellation or AVA (origin of grapes)?
75% min from USA, state [95% for WA, 100% for CA and OR], or county. 85% min from stated AVA. 95% min from stated single vineyard
37
North America (US): What are wine label min requirements for estate bottling?
100% from grapes grown on land/controlled by winery which must be located in an AVA
38
North America (US): What is an AVA?
American Viticultural Areas. Defined as delimited grape-growing areas
39
North America (US): What are Napa Valley AVAs?
Carneros AVA, Stags Leap District AVA, Oakville AVA, Rutherford AVA, Howell Mountain AVA
40
North America (US): What are Sonoma County AVAs?
Carneros AVA, Sonoma Valley AVA, Sonoma Coast AVA, Alexander Valley AVA, Russian River Valley AVA, Dry Creek Valley AVA
41
North America (US): What are Mendocino County AVAs?
Anderson Valley AVA
42
North America (US): What are Santa Barbara County AVAs?
Santa Maria Valley AVA, Santa Ynez Valley AVA, Sta. Rita Hills AVA
43
North America (US): What are Oregon AVAs?
Willamette Valley AVA (best known for pinot noir grapes)
44
North America (US): What are Washington State AVAs?
Columbia Valley AVA, Yakima Valley AVA, Walla Walla Valley AVA
45
North America (US): What are New York state AVAs?
Finger Lakes AVA, Hudson River Region AVA, Long Island AVA, Lake Erie AVA
46
South America (Chile): What are the major geographical influences that affect the vine-growing regions of Chile?
Very narrow, rarely exceeding 100 miles in width and bounded by Andes and Pacific Ocean
47
South America (Chile): What are the major grape varieties grown in Chile and how did they arrive to the country?
White (Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc), Red (75% of plantings - Cabernet, Merlot, Carmenere [long mistaken for Merlot])
48
South America (Chile): What is the Denominacion de Origen (DO)?
Similar to AVA system in US. Min 75% must be from the region.
49
South America (Chile): What are the 6 regional DOs in Chile from north to south?
Atacama, Coquimbo, Aconcagua, Valle Central, Sur, Astral
50
South America (Chile): For the major Chilean Region Aconcagua DO, what are its notable sub-regions?
San Antonio DO and Casablanca Valley DO. Cool climate regions near Pacific coast
51
South America (Chile): Where is more than 80% of Chile'w wine production?
Valle Central DO (Central Valley DO)
52
South America (Chile): For the major Chilean Region Valle Central DO (Central Valley DO), what are its notable sub-regions?
Maipo Valley DO (most famous, best known for Cabernet Sauvignon), Curico DO, Rapel DO, Maule Valley DO
53
South America (Argentina): Where are vineyards planted?
In front range of Andes at average of 3,000 feet above sea level. Elevation is key to success of viticulture
54
South America (Argentina): What are the grape varieties in Argentina?
White (Torrontes). Red (Malbec, Bonarda, Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah)
55
South America (Argentina): What is the temperature like?
Major diurnal swings between hot days and cool nights during the growing season
56
South America (Argentina): What is the role of irrigation in Argentina?
Essential due to rain shadow cast by Andes Mtns creating arid climate. Snowmelt from Andes provides plentiful water
57
South America (Argentina): What are the 3 important appellations of Argentina?
Salta IG, Mendoza IG, and Patagonia IG
58
South America (Argentina): What are the geographic and climate factors for Salta IG?
Northernmost wine region in Argentina. Generally warm climate, but planed at high elevation w cooler temps
59
South America (Argentina): What are the geographic and climate factors for Mendoza IG?
Continental/arid, elevation-dependent. Most vineyards planted between 2,000 and 4,000 feet
60
South America (Argentina): What are the geographic and climate factors for Patagonia IG?
Notably cool area, southernmost Argentina vineyards.
61
South Africa: What are the basics of South Africa's wine-growing history?
Was settlement for Dutch East India company after being refueling and trading station. Didn't flourish until 1688 w French Huguenots. Economic boycotts lifted in 1994
62
South Africa: What is the Cape Doctor?
Strong southeasterly wind, blows across the western cape in spring and summer. Can help suppress fungal disease, moderate temps, and injure vines/disturb flowering
63
South Africa: What two oceans is South Africa adjacent to?
Atlantic and Indian
64
South Africa: What ocean current flows north from Antarctica to cool the coastal areas?
Benguela Current
65
South Africa: What is the KMV?
Ko-operative Wijnbouwers Vereniging van Zuid-Afrika (KWV). Formed in 1918, rescued South African wine industry after phylloxera and severe loss of exports in late 1800s. produced wine, stabilized prices, established quota system emphasizing quantity over quality
66
South Africa: What are the districts in South Africa?
Stellenbosch, Paarl, Walker Bay, Swartland
67
South Africa: What is the Constantia?
Ward that has a rich history of best-in-the-world sweet wines
68
Australia: What is Australian climate like?
Driest inhabited content w hot desert interior inhospitable to viticulture. Most wine regions are clusted in southeastern part in temperate latitudes near major cities. Vine-growing is concentrated in cooler coaster areas and planted in cooler high-elevation areas
69
Australia: What are the GI (Geographical Indication) categories from largest area to smallest?
Much like AVAs of the US. Country Australia (100% of grapes must be from Australia), Southeastern Australia, state of origin, zones, regions, sub-regions
70
Australia: What are the important GIs of New South Wales?
Hunter Valley GI, Riverina GI
71
Australia: What are the important GIs of Victoria?
Yarra Valley GI, Rutherglen GI, Murray-Darling GI
72
Australia: What are the important GIs of Southern Australia?
Barossa Valley GI (largest most important premium wine area, no phylloxera), Eden Valley GI, McLaren Vale GI, Clare Valley GI, Coonawarra GI
73
Australia: What region is famous for its Terra Rossa (vivid red soil over limestone base) soil?
Coonawarra GI
74
Australia: What are the important GIs of Western Australia?
Margaret River GI
75
Australia: What Australian GIs are associated with Dry Riesling?
Eden Valley, Clare Valley
76
Australia: What Australian GIs are associated with Dry Semillon?
Hunter Valley
77
Australia: What Australian GIs are associated with Semillon/Sauvignon Blanc Blends?
Margaret River GI
78
Australia: What Australian GIs are associated with Bold Shiraz?
Barossa Valley, Margaret Rier, McLaren Vale
79
Australia: What Australian GIs are associated with Chardonnay?
Yarra Valley
80
Australia: What Australian GIs are associated with Muscat-based sweet wines?
Rutherglen
81
Australia: What Australian GIs are associated with Cabernet Sauvignon?
Coonawarra GI
82
Australia: What Australian GIs are associated with Pinot Noir?
Yarra Valley
83
New Zealand: What is the climate and grape variety associated with North Island GI - Auckland GI?
Warm/rainy/humid/maritime climate. Red grapes - Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot
84
New Zealand: What is the climate and grape variety associated with North Island GI - Wairarapa GI?
White (Sauvignon Blanc) and Red (Pinot Noir). Important sub-region Martinborough
85
New Zealand: What is the climate and grape variety associated with North Island GI - Gisborne GI?
Cool/maritime climate, white (Chardonnary, Pinot Gris)
86
New Zealand: What is the climate and grape variety associated with North Island GI - Hawke's Bay GI?
Moderate maritime (driest North Island climate), white (Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc), red (Bordeaux varieties - Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah), important sub-region Gimblett Gravels (unique gravelly soil type)
87
New Zealand: What is the climate and grape variety associated with South Island GI - Marlborough GI?
Cool/dry/sunny and rain shadow from Southern Alps protecting vineyard areas of the South Island. White (Sauvignon Blanc [almost 80% of plantings]), red (Pinot Noir). Produces more than half of country's wine
88
New Zealand: What is the climate and grape variety associated with South Island GI - Canterbury GI?
Cool continental and long dry summer. White (Sauvignon Blanc) and red (Pinot Noir)
89
New Zealand: What is the climate and grape variety associated with South Island GI - Central Otago GI?
Cool continental and low humidity. Red Pinot Noir grapes
90
Fortified Wine: What is fortified wine?
Fortified wines are base wines to which high-proof, neutral grape brandy is added to increase alcoholic strength to 15%- 22%. The purpose of fortifying wine is to add body and increase the wine’s ability to age.
91
Fortified Wine: What are the main grape varieties used for Sherry?
White Palomino (major grape for all quality styles of Sherry and 95% of all plantings) and Pedro Ximenez [PX] and Moscatel (used for blending, adding sweetness and color)
92
Fortified Wine: What are the main grape varieties used for Madeira?
Red - Tinta Negra (85% of plantings), White (Sercial, Verdelho, Boal, Malvasia [Malmsey])
93
Fortified Wine: What are the main grape varieties used for Port?
Red - Touriga Nacional
94
Fortified Wine: Which fortified wine is matured under a layer of Flor (yeast)?
Fino-style Sherry
95
Fortified Wine: What is the Solera system?
Used in aging and maturation of sherry by blending vintages over time. Sherry matures in complex series of barrels called solera which blend with other aged wines. Max 1/3 moved per year, no barrel ever completely empty
96
Fortified Wine: How does the timing of fortification depend on the style of wine?
For sweeter wines, fermentation is stopped by the addition of grape spirit. Drier wines are fortified after fermentation
97
Fortified Wine: What are the two heating processes that give Madeira its distinctive character after fortification?
Estufagem and Canteiro
98
Fortified Wine: What happens when wines are fortified before fermentation?
No alcohol is created from fermentation of the base wine
99
Fortified Wine: What happens when wines are fortified during fermentation?
This stops the action of yeast retaining residual sugar in the wine.
100
Fortified Wine: What happens when wines are fortified after fermentation?
Boosts alcohol levels; a dry wine is most often produced
101
Fortified Wine: What is the most revered wine of Portugal and considered one of the most sought-after sweet fortified wines in the world?
Port
102
Fortified Wine: What are Port's grape varieties?
Red, Touriga Nacional
103
Fortified Wine: What is Ruby Port?
House wine. Inexpensive and consistent house style or brand
104
Fortified Wine: What are Vins Doux Naturels?
French fortified wines, fortified during fermentation. Typically 15-17% ABV, still sweet. Exs: Muscat de Beaumes-de-Venise and Banyuls
105
Sweet Wine: How are sweet wines made?
In vineyard (viticultural techniques) and in winery
106
Sweet Wine: How are sweet wines made in the vineyard?
Late harvest, noble rot, drying grapes, freezing grapes
107
Sweet Wine: What is Botrytis cinerea?
A mold that attacks ripe grapes in humid climates. It causes grapes to shrivel and dehydrate on the vine, concentrating their sugars and drastically reducing yields. Botrytis also causes oxidation, deepening the color of a wine and creating characteristic aromas and flavors of honey, mushroom, and saffron.
108
Sweet Wine: What are classic appellations for Late Harvest/Botrytis-Affected Wines?
France (Bordeaux, Alsace, Loire Valley), Germany (Pradikatswein), Hungary (Tokaji Aszu)
109
Sweet Wine: What are classic appellations for sweet wines made from dried grapes?
Italy
110
Sweet Wine: What are classic appellations for sweet wines made from frozen grapes?
Germany (eiswein), Canada (icewine)
111
Sweet Wine: What is Tokaji Aszu?
From old wine region in Hungary
112
Sweet Wine: What is passito or recioto?
Italian words signifying dried grapes
113
Sweet Wine: What are examples of dried grape (passito/recioto) wines?
Vin Santo (Tuscany), Recioto di Soave (Veneto), Recioto della Valpolicella (Veneto)
114
Sweet Wine: What are vinification techniques to make wine sweet in the winary?
Fortification to stop fermentation, chill wine to filter out yeast, chill wine and add sulfur dioxide to kill yeast cells, or add sweetness back to wine (add unfermented grape juice or add sweet wine to dry wine)
115
Sweet Wine: Which German Pradikatswein are sweet, botrytis-affected wines?
Auslese (may have botrytis), Beerenauslese (BA), Trockenbeerenauslese (TBA)
116
Beer: What are the 4 major ingredients in beer?
Water (85-90%), cereal grain, yeast, and hops
117
Beer: What does cereal grain do in a beer?
Barley is most important. Germination of the grain produces enzymes that turn starch into sugar, creating malt. The malt is then dried in a kiln. The temperature and length of time the malt is kilned are important determinants of the color, flavor, aroma and style of a beer.
118
Beer: What does yeast do in a beer?
Responsible for fermentation. Different yeast strains determine if a beer is an ale or lager and often contribute distinctive aromas and flavors to beer.
119
Beer: What does hops do in a beer?
Resin from the cone of the hop plant imparts bitterness to balance the sweet, malty character of beer. All beers use hops, but some feature them more prominently than others. Hops also provide aroma and flavor and act as a preservative.
120
Beer: What is an ale?
Top-fermenting yeast, fermenting quickly at warmer temps. Often more fruity aromas and flavors are created
121
Beer: What are examples of ales?
Hefeweizen, pale ale, porter, stout, Lambic, wit
122
Beer: What is a lager?
Bottom-fermenting yeast, ferments slowly at cooler temps. Most subtle, crisper and cleaner flavors
123
Beer: What are examples of lagers?
Pilsner, Bock, Doppelbock, Oktoberfest, large-scale european and american lagers
124
Sake: What is sake?
Sake is a fermented rice beverage. Its origins go back 2,500 years to when ricegrowing became prevalent in Japan. Today, there are approximately 1,400 sake breweries in Japan.
125
Sake: What are the primary ingredients of sake?
Water, rice, koji-kin, yeast, added neutral distilled alcohol (brewer's alcohol)
126
Sake: What is koji-kin?
A fungus native to Asian countries that converts the rice starches into sugar for fermentation to occur. This fungus has many applications in Asian beverage and culinary realms.
127
Sake: What is junmai?
Pure rice sake. Nothing is used in its production except rice, water, yeast, and koji-kin. Junmai can be used as a prefix to Ginjo and Daiginjo grades to indicate that no additional alcohol was added during production.
128
Sake: How are sake quality grades determined?
Based on how much of the grain is milled. More milled away > smaller grain > purer product > higher quality
129
Sake: What are the sake quality grades?
Junmai (pure rice sake, 70% remains), Honjozo (small amt of alcohol added at the end of fermentation, 70% of grain remains), Ginjo (60% of grain remains), Daiginjo (50% of grain remains
130
Sake: What is the highest grade of sake?
Junmai Daigingo
131
Sake: What is Namazake?
Unpasteurized sake that requires refrigeration
132
Sake: What is Nigori?
Milky, unfiltered sake, usually off-dry
133
Cider: What is the major ingredient in cider?
Apples for cider-making, yeast, optionally sugar
134
Cider: How is cider made?
Similar to wine, apples are crushed and pressed into juice which is fermented into cider. Alc content b/t 5-8%. Ferment in large wooden vats or stainless-steel tanks
135
Cider: Where is cider made in Europe?
England, Normandy, Brittany, Basque, Asturias, Germany, Austria
136
Cider: Where is cider made in North America?
Pacific Northwest, Sonoma, Great Lakes, Finger Lakes, Quebec, New England, Hudson Valley, Virginia
137
Spirits: What is the process of making spirits?
Raw material (fermented) > fermented beverage > distilled (what type of still? Pot/continuous?), aging (what type of vessel/how long?)
138
Spirits: Why is a fermented beverage distilled?
The purpose of distilling a fermented beverage is to separate and remove diluting components of a liquid, such as water and other impurities, to capture the essence of a beverage.
139
Spirits: What is the distillation process?
Alcoholic liquid > heated to boiling temperature > liquid boils, alc evaporates > alc vapor travels up still to condensed > liquid is cooled > vapor condenses > new spirit
140
Spirits: What is a pot still?
Slow, gentle distillation, Flavor from base ingredient is retained. Used for richer, generally wood-aged spirits like cognac and single malt scotch
141
Spirits: What is a continuous still?
Continuously running and faster distillation than pot still, creates neutral spirit, used for vodka and most bourbons, most often used for large-scale distillation
142
Spirits: After the clear liquid leaves the still, there are two ways the spirit can age.
Immediately bottled (remains clear), or aged in oak
143
Spirits: What is the dominant flavor of Scotch whisky?
Peatiness
144
Spirits: What is Bourbon whiskey?
Must be produced in USA, ost in Kentucky. Min of 51% corn and aged in new, charred, American white oak
145
Spirits: What are the 3 wine-based brandies?
Cognac AOP, Armagnac AOP, and Calvados AOP
146
Spirits: What is the location, base ingredient, and aging vessel for Cognac AOP?
Atlantic coast of France, south of Loire and north of Bordeaux. Made from white-grape-based wines (mainly Ugni Blanc), min of 2 years aging in French oak casks
147
Spirits: What is the location, base ingredient, and aging vessel for Armagnac AOP?
Southwest France in Gascony, distilled from grape-based wines (blend of local white grape varieties), min of 2 years aging in French oak casks
148
Spirits: What is the location, base ingredient, and aging vessel for Calvados AOP?
Normandy, France (northern France on Atlantic Coast), distilled from fermented apples and pears, min 2 years aging in French oak casks)
149
Spirits: What is Eaux de Vie de Fruits?
Eaux de vie are brandies made with any fruit apart from grapes. Translated as “water of life,” most eaux de vie are bottled without aging to preserve the integrity of the fruit character. Exs: Framboise (Raspberry), Kirsch (Cherry), Poire William (Pear)
150
Spirits: What is the base ingredient and common distillation and aging techniques for vodka?
Fermented cereal grains or potatoes, distilled multiple times, unaged
151
Spirits: What is the base ingredient and common distillation and aging techniques for gin?
Is a neutral distillate of fermented cereal grains like vodka, flavored with botanicals like juniper berries (flavored with botanicals and then redistilled), predominantly unaged
152
Spirits: What is the base ingredient and common distillation and aging techniques for tequila?
From fermented juice of cooked pineapple or heart of blue agae plant, distilled by either pot or continuous method, has different aging designations (Silver/Blanco - bottled immediately after distillation; Reposado - aged 60 days - 1yr in oak casks; Añejo - aged 1-3 yrs in cask
153
Spirits: What is the base ingredient and common distillation and aging techniques for mezcal?
Hearts of agave plants and pineapples are cooked over fire, distilled spirit comes from fermented agave, distillation by pot or continuous, traditionally unaged
154
Spirits: What is the base ingredient and common distillation and aging techniques for rum?
Comes from fermented sugarcane or molasses (byproduct of processing sugar cane into sugar), can be distilled by continuous or pot, light vs dark rum aging
155
Spirits: What are Apéritifs?
Served before a meal to stimulate the appetite
156
Spirits: What are Digestifs?
Served after a meal to help stimulate digestion. Examples include bitters or Italian Amaro.
157
Spirits: What are liqueurs and cordials?
Liqueurs and cordials are made with a neutral base spirit to which flavor is added in a variety of ways.
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