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Luke's Somm Stuff > Intro Somm Hard Stuff > Flashcards

Intro Somm Hard Stuff Flashcards

1
Q

List the winemaking steps for White Wine.

A
  • Harvest
  • Destem if doing; otherwise whole bunch
  • Crushing
  • Pressing
    • skin contact, if doing, after pressing
  • Fermentation primary/alcoholic
  • Storage/maturing/aging
    • White wine: lees contact and oak here, if using
    • Rose wine: (usually no oak, quick)
  • Fine and/or filter
  • Bottling
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2
Q

List the winemaking steps for Red Wine.

A
  • Harvest
  • Destem if doing; otherwise whole bunch; Crush; Maceration of juice and skins/seeds
  • Fermentation primary/alcoholic
  • Pressing
  • Storage/maturing/aging
  • Fine and/or filter
  • Bottling
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3
Q

What are some of the factors that influence grape production?

A
  • Geography (latitude, elevation, etc.)
  • Grapes (whether they’re allowed to be planted or if they suit the climate/soil)
  • Annual weather patterns (e.g. summer hail)
  • Regional wine laws + regulations
  • Terroir
  • History of region’s grape growing + winemaking
  • Climate
  • Harvest
  • Aspect (direction vineyards face)
  • Viticultural practices
  • Soil
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4
Q

What are 5 key components of vineyard management?

A
  • Canopy management
  • Anti-fungal and -bacterial treatments
  • Pests and Disease
  • Irrigation
  • Fertilizers
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5
Q

Soil Types

A
  • Marl
  • Clay
  • Limestone/chalk
  • Granite
  • Gravel
  • Sand
  • Schist
  • Silt
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6
Q

What are the 5 benchmarks you have to hit when tasting?

A
  • Sight
  • Nose
  • Palate
  • Initial conclusion
  • Final conclusion
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7
Q

What is the color scale for white wines?

A
  • Primary, from lightest to darkest:
    • Straw
    • Yellow
    • Gold
    • Amber
  • Secondary colors (rim variation):
    • Silver
    • Green
    • Copper
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8
Q

What is the color scale for Red wines?

A
  • From lightest to darkest:
    • Garnet
    • Ruby
    • Purple
  • Secondary colors (rim variation):
    • Orange
    • Brown
    • Blue
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9
Q

List the 7 most common wine faults

A
  • Brettanomyces (Brett)
  • Oxidation
  • TCA (corkiness)
  • Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
  • Ethyl Acetate (EA)
  • Volatile acidity (VA)
  • Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
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10
Q

What are the descriptors used for the Dry to Sweet scale?

A
  • Bone Dry
  • Dry
  • Off-Dry
  • Medium Sweet
  • Sweet
  • Luscious
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11
Q

What elements in wine need to be considered when pairing it with food?

A
  • Sweetness
  • Acidity
  • Tannins
  • Alcohol
  • Weight and Texture
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12
Q

What elements in food need to be considered when pairing it with wine?

A
  • What is the protein / star of the dish
  • Cooking Method
  • Sauces and Condiments
  • Sides
  • Fat
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13
Q

Name the 4 Chablis AOPs + the 7 Grand Cru Climats

A
  • Blanchot (Blawn-show)
  • Bougros (Boo-Gwoah)
  • Valmur (Val-Muir)
  • Vaudésir (Vaw-day-Zir)
  • Les Clos (Lee-Cloh)
  • Preuses (Pwi-ahz)
  • Grenouilles (Gren-oh-yeah)
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14
Q

Cote d’Or: grapes, oak, soil?

A
  • Cote de Nuit
    • Only Red from Pinot Noir
    • New Oak
    • Marl, Limestone
  • Cote de Beaune
    • Chardonnay, Pinot Noir
    • New Oak
    • Marl, Limestone
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15
Q

Appellation hierarchy in the Côte de Nuits?

A
  • Bourgogne AOP
  • Bourgogne Côte d’Or AOP
  • Côte de Nuits-Villages AOP
  • Village AOP
  • Premier Cru AOP
  • Grand Cru AOP
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16
Q

Côte de Nuits 6 most important villages N to S?

A
  • Gevrey-Chambertin
  • Morey-Saint-Denis
  • Chambolle-Musigny
  • Vougeot
  • Vosne-Romanée
  • Nuit-Saint-George
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17
Q

Côte de Beaune 6 most important villages N to S?

A
  • Beaune
  • Pommard
  • Volnay
  • Meursault
  • Puligny-Montrachet
  • Chassagne-Montrachet
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18
Q

Côte de Chalonnaise 5 main villages N to S?

A
  • Bouzeron
  • Rully
  • Mercurey
  • Givry
  • Montagny
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19
Q

Premier Cru in the 1855 Classification

A
  • Château Lafite-Rothschild
  • Château Latour
  • Château Mouton-Rothschild
  • Château Margaux
  • Château Haut-Brion (Graves)
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20
Q

What are the 4 Commune appellations of the Medoc and what style are they known for?

A
  • Saint Estephe AOP
    • Most tannic
  • Pauillac AOP
    • Most powerful
  • Saint Julien AOP
    • Most floral and elegant
  • Margaux AOP
    • Softest (more Merlot in blend)
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21
Q

What are the 4 Bordeaux châteaux named as Premier Grands Crus Classe A?

A
  • Châteaux Angelus
  • Châteaux Ausone
  • Châteaux Cheval-Blanc
  • Châteaux Pavie
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22
Q

What are the 7 sweetness levels of Champagne, from driest to sweetest?

A
  • Brut Nature
  • Extra Brut
  • Brut
  • Extra Dry
  • Sec
  • Demi-sec
  • Doux
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23
Q

What are the 3 subregions of Champagne and their grapes?

A
  • Montagne de Reims – Pinot Noir
  • Vallée de la Marne – Meunier
  • Cotes des Blancs – Chardonnay
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24
Q

What are the aging requirements for both N/V and Vintage Champagne?

A
  • N/V = 15 months minimum, 12 must be sur lie
  • Vintage = 36 months
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25
Q

What are the 3 general styles of Champagne?

A
  • Rose
  • Blanc de Blanc
  • Blanc de Noirs
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26
Q

What are the 4 regions of the Loire valley west to east?

A
  • Pays Nantais
  • Anjou-Saumur
  • Touraine
  • Central Vineyards
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27
Q

2 most important Muscadet appellations in Pays Nantais?

A
  • Muscadet
  • Muscadet Sevre-et-Maine
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28
Q

5 AOP’s of Anjou-Saumur (& their styles)?

A
  • Anjou-Villages (dry red only)
  • Saumur (red, white, sparkling)
  • Savennieres (dry white)
  • Bonnezeaux (sweet white)
  • Quarts-de-Chaume (sweet white)
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29
Q

3 AOP’s of Touraine (& their styles)?

A
  • Chinon (dry red)
  • Bourgueil (dry red)
  • Vouvray (all styles from chenin blanc)
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30
Q

What styles of wine are allowed to be made in Vouvray?

A
  • All styles:
    • Dry, still whites
    • Off-dry, still whites
    • Sweet, still whites
    • Sparkling whites of all sweetness levels
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31
Q

What are the 2 most important AOP’s from the central vineyards (& their styles)?

A
  • Sancerre (dry red and white)
  • Pouilly-Fume (dry white)
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32
Q

What are the 4 noble white grapes in Alsace?

A
  • Riesling
  • Gewurztraminer
  • Muscat
  • Pinot Gris
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33
Q

What are the soils of Alsace?

A
  • Volcanic
  • Clay
  • Granite
  • Gneiss
  • Marl
  • Limestone
  • Sandstone
  • Schist
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34
Q

What are the AOPs of Alsace?

A
  • Alsace / Vin d’Alsace
  • Alsace Grand Cru
  • Cremant d’Alsace
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35
Q

How many Grand Cru vineyards are there in Alsace?

A

51

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36
Q

What are the 2 terms used in Alsace for late-harvested wines?

A
  • Vendange Tardive (VT) – may be affected by botrytis
  • Selection de Grains Nobles (SGN) – always affected by botrytis
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37
Q

Which 2 towns bookend the Northern Rhone?

A
  • Vienne (north)
  • Valence (south)
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38
Q

What are the grapes of the Northern Rhone?

A
  • Red
    • Syrah
  • White
    • Viogner
    • Marsanne
    • Roussanne
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39
Q

What are the Northern Rhone AOPs and their style, N to S?

A
  • Cote-Rotie (red only)
  • Condrieu (white only) (100% Viogner)
  • Saint-Joseph
  • Crozes-Hermitage
  • Hermitage
  • Cornas (red only) (100% Syrah)
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40
Q

What are the grapes of the Southern Rhone?

A
  • Red
    • Grenache
    • Syrah
    • Mourvedre
  • White
    • Grenache Blanc
    • Roussanne
    • Clairette
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41
Q

Name 4 single village AOPs of the Southern Rhone?

A
  • Châteauneuf-du-Pape
  • Gigondas (red only)
  • Vacqueyras
  • Tavel (dry rose only)
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42
Q

In what year was the DOC system introduced in Italy?

A

1963

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43
Q

What are Italy’s wine classifications from largest to smallest?

A
  • Vino
  • IGT
  • DOC
  • DOCG
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44
Q

Italian Labeling Terms (1 of 2)

A
  • Classico:
    • The original, smaller zone and the best part of an area
  • Riserva: (usually indicates)
    • Extended aging
    • Lower yields
    • Higher alcohol
  • Superiore: (usually indicates)
    • Longer aging
    • Higher alcohol
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45
Q

Italian Labeling Terms (2 of2)

A
  • Spumante
    • Fully Sparkling
  • Frizzante
    • Gently Sparkling
  • Secco
    • Dry
  • Amabile
    • Off-Dry
  • Dolce
    • Sweet
  • Recioto + Passito
    • Indicate the wine was made from dried grapes
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46
Q

Name 4 sparkling wines from Italy

A
  • Franciacorta
  • Asti
  • Prosecco
  • Lambrusco
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47
Q

What are the 8 regions of northern Italy?

A
  • Liguria
  • Piedmont
  • Valle d’Aosta
  • Lombardy
  • Trentino-Alto Adige
  • Veneto
  • Friuli-Venezia Giulia
  • Emilia-Romagna
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48
Q

What are the 6 main DOCG’s (+ grape) in Piedmont?

A
  • Barolo (Nebbiolo)
  • Barbaresco (Nebbiolo)
  • Moscato d’Asti / Asti (Moscato)
  • Barbera d’Asti (Barbera)
  • Gavi (Cortese)
  • Brachetto d’Acqui (Brachetto)
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49
Q

What are the grapes of the Piedmont?

A
  • Red
    • Barbera
    • Brachetto
    • Dolcetto
    • Nebbiolo
  • White
    • Moscato
    • Cortese
    • Arneis
    • Timorasso
50
Q

What are the aging requirements for:

A
  • Barolo
    • 38 months total
    • At least 18 months in oak
  • Barbaresco
    • 26 months total
    • At least 9 months in oak
51
Q

What are the grapes of Lombardy?

A
  • Red
    • Pinot Nero
    • Nebbiolo
  • White
    • Chardonnay
    • Pinot BIanco
52
Q

What are the 2 most important DOCGs of Lombardy?

A
  • Franciacorta
    • Chardonnay
    • Pinot Bianco
    • Pinot Nero
  • Valtellina Superiore
    • Nebbiolo
53
Q

What are the grapes of Trentino-Alto Adige?

A
  • Red
    • Merlot
    • Lagrein
  • White
    • Pinot Grigio
    • Pinot Bianco
    • Sauvignon Blanc
54
Q

What are the major DOC’s (+ grape) in the Veneto

A
  • Soave (Garganega)
  • Prosecco (Glera)
  • Valpolicella (Corvina + Rondinella)
  • Amarone della Valpolicella (Corvina + Rondinella)
55
Q

What are the grapes of Friuli-Venezia Giulia?

A
  • Red
    • Merlot
  • White
    • Pinot Grigio
    • Sauvignon
    • Friulano
56
Q

What is Emilia-Romagna’s most famous DOC?

A

Lambrusco

57
Q

What are the 5 regions of Central Italy?

A
  • Tuscany
  • Umbria
  • Latium (aka Lazio)
  • Marche
  • Abruzzo
58
Q

What are the grapes to know from central Italy?

A
  • Red
    • Sangiovese
    • Syrah
    • Cabernet Sauvignon
    • Merlot
  • White
    • Vernaccia
59
Q

What are DOCGs of Tuscany and minimum Sangiovese percentages?

A
  • Chianti – 70%
  • Chianti Classico – 80%
  • Brunello di Montalcino – 100%
60
Q

What are the DOCs (+ grape) of Le Marche?

A
  • Verdicchio di Matelica
  • Verdicchio dei Castelli di Jesi (Bigger and closer to the coast)
61
Q

What are the 5 regions and 2 islands (+ grapes) of southern Italy?

A
  • Campania
    • Red
      • Aglianico (Taurasi DOCG)
    • White
      • Fiano (Fiano di Avellino DOCG)
      • Falanghina
      • Greco (Greco di Tufo DOCG)
  • Basilicata
  • Calabria
  • Molise
  • Puglia
  • Sicily
    • Red
      • Nero d’Avola
      • Nerello Mascalese (Etna DOC)
    • White
      • Cassicante (Etna DOC)
  • Sardinia
62
Q

How many German Wine Regions are there? Big 4?

A
  • 13 Anbaugebiete (ahn-BAU-guh-beet)
  • Mosel
  • Rheingau
  • Rheinhessen
  • Pfalz
63
Q

What are the grapes to know from Germany?

A
  • Red
    • Pinot Noir (aka Spatburgunder)
  • White
    • Riesling
    • Muller-Thurgau
    • Silvaner
64
Q

German quality levels

A
  • Landwein (PGI)
    • Regional wines; rarely exported
  • Qualitätswein (PDO)
    • Quality wine from one of 13 major regions (anbaugebiete)
    • Category includes top trocken wines
  • Prädikatswein (PDO)
    • Subset of Qualitätswein categorized by ripeness at harvest
    • Six prädikate (levels of quality)
65
Q

German Prädikat Levels of Quality

A
  • Kabinett
  • Spätlese
  • Auslese
  • Beerenauslese (BA)
  • Eiswein (Icewine)
  • Trockenbeerenauslese (TBA)

(Grapes picked at increasing levels of ripeness)

66
Q

What does VDP stand for?

A
  • Verband Deutscher Prädikatsweingüter
    • Founded in 1910
    • More than 200 wine professionals dedicated to preserving German wine
  • Grosses Gewächs
    • Translates into great growth
    • Always dry wines
    • Grapes from the top vineyards
67
Q

Famous villages:

A
  • Name two gemeinden (villages) in the Mosel famous for their Rieslings.
    • Urzig
    • Piesport
  • Name 1 famous vineyard in the Rheingau
    • Schloss Johannisberg
68
Q

What are Austria’s 4 main wine regions?

A
  • Niederosterreich
  • Wein (Vienna)
  • Burgenland
  • Styria
69
Q

What are the 3 most important subregions of Niederosterreich?

A
  • Wachau
  • Kamptal
  • Kremstal
70
Q

What are the grapes of Austria?

A
  • Red
    • Blaufränkisch
    • St. Laurent
    • Zweigelt
  • White
    • Gruner Veltliner
    • Riesling
71
Q

What are the 3 classification levels in the Wachau?

A
  • Steinfeder (lightest)
  • Federspiel
  • Smaragd (richest)
72
Q

What are the only 2 wine regions in Spain with the DOCa classification?

A
  • Rioja (first)
  • Priorat
73
Q

What are some geographic features of Rioja?

A
  • Ebro River runs through it
  • Pyrenees Mountains to the northeast
  • Cantabrian Mountains to the northwest
74
Q

What are the 3 subregions of Rioja?

A
  • Rioja Alta
  • Rioja Alavesa
  • Rioja Oriental
75
Q

What are the 3 aging levels in Rioja DOCa?

A
  • Crianza (2 years total, mix of oak and bottle)
  • Reserva (3 years total, 1 must be in oak)
  • Gran Reserva (5 years total, 2 must be in oak, 2 must be in bottle)
76
Q

What are the grapes in Rioja?

A
  • Red
    • Tempranillo
    • Garnacha
  • White
    • Viura
77
Q

Ribera del Duero facts?

A
  • Tempranillo known as Tinto Fino
  • Located on the Meseta (large plateau) at 2500 ft
    • Hot and Arid region
    • Cold nights give a big diurnal shift that allows grapes to retain acidity
    • Duero River runs through
78
Q

Important DOs on the Duero River?

A
  • Ribera del Duero
  • Toro (Rich, powerful reds from tempranillo, called Tinto de Toro here)
  • Rueda (Crisp, dry whites from Verdejo + Sauvignon Blanc)
79
Q

Major DOs (+ grapes) of Catalonia?

A
  • Penedes / Cava DO (Macabeo, Xarel-lo, Parellada)
  • Priorat DOCa (Garnacha, Carinena)
80
Q

What are the 3 specific climates of Portugal and where are they?

A
  • Maritime = Northern
  • Mediterranean = Central and Southern
  • Continental = Interior areas north and south
81
Q

What are the 5 major DOPs + grapes in Portugal

A
  • Vinho Verde (north coast) (Loureiro, Trajadura, Alvarinho)
  • Douro (north interior) (Touriga Nacional)
    • Baixo Corgo – somewhat influenced by the Atlantic
    • Cima Corgo – drier, more Continental climate
    • Douro Superior – hot and dry
  • Dão (north-central interior) (Touriga Nacional)
  • Bairrada (central coast) (Baga)
  • Alentejo (south interior…HOT) (Touriga Nacional)
82
Q

What were the first 2 AVAs in the USA?

A
  • Augusta, Missouri – 1980
  • Napa Valley, CA – 1981
83
Q

Agoston Haraszthy

A
  • Originally from Hungary
  • Considered the patriarch of California wine industry
  • Founded Buena Vista winery in 1857
84
Q

Who were two influential winemakers in California following Prohibition

A
  • Andre Tchelistcheff
  • Robert Mondavi
85
Q

What are California’s 4 major wine growing areas?

A
  • North Coast
    • Mendocino
    • Lake
    • Napa
    • Sonoma
  • Central Coast
  • Central Valley
  • Sierra Foothills
86
Q

What are California’s major Grapes?

A
  • Red
    • Cabernet Sauvignon
    • Pinot Noir
    • Merlot
    • Zinfandel
  • White
    • Chardonnay
    • Sauvignon Blanc
87
Q

Napa Geographic facts

A
  • About 30 miles long, starts at San Pablo Bay
  • 2 mountain ranges
    • Vaca Mountains (E)
    • Mayacamas Mountains (W)
88
Q

What are 5 of Napa Valley’s most important AVAs?

A
  • Howell Mountain
  • Rutherford
  • Oakville
  • Stags Leap District
  • Carneros
89
Q

What are Sonoma County’s major Grapes?

A
  • Red
    • Pinot Noir
    • Cabernet Sauvignon
    • Merlot
    • Zinfandel
    • Syrah
  • White
    • Chardonnay
    • Sauvignon Blanc
90
Q

Name Sonoma County’s 6 most important AVAs?

A
  • Carneros (heavily influenced by San Pablo Bay)
  • Sonoma Coast (on the Pacific)
  • Sonoma Valley
  • Alexander Valley
  • Russian River Valley
  • Dry Creek Valley
91
Q

What are the 3 counties in California’s Central Coast?

A
  • Monterey County
  • San Luis Obispo County (Paso Robles AVA)
    • Reds:
      • Cabernet Sauvignon
      • Zinfandel
      • Red Rhone grapes (Grenache, Syrah)
    • Whites
      • Chardonnay
  • Santa Barbara County
    • AVA’s:
      • Santa Maria Valley
      • Santa Ynez
      • Santa Rita Hills
    • Grapes
      • Reds:
        • Pinot Noir
        • Grenache
        • Syrah
        • Cabernet Sauvignon
        • Merlot
      • Whites
        • Chardonnay
        • Sauvignon Blanc
92
Q

What are the grapes of Chile?

A
  • Reds
    • Cabernet Sauvignon
    • Merlot
    • Carmenere
  • Whites
    • Chardonnay
    • Sauvignon Blanc
93
Q

What are the 6 regional DOs in Chile from N to S?

A
  • Atacama
  • Coquimbo
  • Aconcagua
    • Casablanca Valley DO
    • San Antonio DO
  • Valle Central
    • Maipo Valley DO
    • Rapel DO
    • Curico DO
    • Maule DO
  • Sur
  • Austral
94
Q

What are the grapes of Argentina?

A
  • Reds
    • Malbec
    • Bonarda
    • Cabernet Sauvignon
    • Syrah
  • Whites
    • Torrontes
95
Q

3 important IGs in Argentina

A
  • Salta
  • Mendoza
    • Lujan de Cuyo DOC
    • Uco Valley IG
  • Patagonia
96
Q

What are the grapes of South Africa?

A
  • Reds
    • Pinotage (cross of Pinot Noir and Cinsault)
    • Cabernet Sauvignon
    • Merlot
    • Syrah
    • Pinot Noir
  • Whites
    • Steen (Chenin Blanc)
    • Chardonnay
    • Sauvignon Blanc
97
Q

From largest to smallest, what are the Geographical Designations in South Africa?

A
  • Geographical Unit
  • Region
  • District
  • Ward
  • Estates
98
Q

What four principal vine-growing areas of Australia do you need to know for the exam?

A
  • New South Wales
  • Victoria
  • South Australia
  • Western Australia
99
Q

What is the hierarchy of Australian GIs from largest to smallest?

A
  • Country
  • Southeastern
  • State of Origin
  • Zones
  • Regions
  • Sub-regions
100
Q

What are the grapes of Australia?

A
  • Reds
    • Shiraz
    • Cabernet Sauvignon
    • Merlot
    • Grenache
    • Pinot Noir
  • Whites
    • Chardonnay
    • Sauvignon Blanc
    • Semillon
    • Riesling
101
Q

The huge Southeastern Australia GI consists of all or parts of which 5 states?

A
  • Tasmania
  • Victoria
    • Yarra Valley GI
    • Rutherglen GI
    • Murray-Darling GI
  • South Australia
    • Barossa Valley GI
    • Eden Valley GI
    • McLaren Vale GI
    • Clare Valley GI
    • Coonawarra GI
  • New South Wales
    • Hunter Valley / Hunter GI
    • Riverina GI
  • Queensland
102
Q

What are the grapes of New Zealand?

A
  • Reds
    • Pinot Noir
    • Cabernet Sauvignon
    • Syrah
    • Merlot
  • Whites
    • Sauvignon Blanc
    • Chardonnay
103
Q

What are the 3 biggest GIs of New Zealand?

A
  • New Zealand GI
  • North Island GI
    • Auckland
    • Wairarapa
    • Gisborne
    • Hawke’s Bay
  • South Island GI
    • Marlborough
    • Canterbury
    • Central Otago
104
Q

What are the 3 grapes of Sherry?

A
  • Palomino (Principle grape and most planted)
  • Pedro Ximenez
  • Moscatel
105
Q

What are the two ways to age Sherry, and what are the styles from each?

A
  • Biological
    • Manzanilla
    • Fino
    • Amontillado
    • Palo Cortado
  • Oxidative
    • Oloroso
    • Cream
106
Q

What are the grapes of Madeira, and their styles of wine?

A
  • White
    • Sercial – made dry
    • Verdelho – made off-dry
    • Boal – made semi-sweet
    • Malvasia / Malmsey – made sweet
  • Red
    • Tinta Negra (85% of all plantings)
107
Q

What are the 2 heating processes that ‘cook’ the Madeira after it’s been fortified?

A
  • Estufagem – used for inexpensive wines
    • Fortified wines are transferred to an estufa (large stainless tank)
    • Tank is heated to 120F and held for at least 3 months
    • Temp comes down and is rested for at least 3 months
    • Into casks for aging
  • Canteiro – used for premium wines
    • Fortified wines are put into oak casks for at least 2 years
    • Casks are put into attics, not temp controlled, so its more natural
108
Q

Ruby

A
  • Typically indicates the port was aged in a bottle
  • Styles
    • Ruby
      • Young
      • Blend of vintages and vineyards.
      • Inexpensive
      • Fruity
    • LBV – Late Bottle Vintage
      • Grapes from top Quintas blended together
      • Ages 4-6 years in cask before it’s bottled
      • Still quite fruity
    • Vintage
      • Made only from best quintas in exceptional vintages (4ish per decade)
      • 2 years in cask before bottle, then a decade in bottle
      • Most expensive
      • Most age worthy
    • Single Quinta
      • Fruit from the top quintas in non-declared vintages
109
Q

Tawny

A
  • Typically indicates the port was aged in a cask
    • Tawny
      • Nutty
      • Oxidized
      • Caramel, Toffee notes
      • Full bodied
      • High alcohol
      • Amber in color
    • 10-year Tawny (not exact measure of years, but approximation of taste)
    • 20-year Tawny
    • 30-year Tawny
110
Q

What are 4 ways to make sweet wine in the vineyard?

A
  • Late Harvest
  • Botrytis / Noble Rot
  • Drying Grapes (either on the vine or after they’ve been picked)
  • Freezing Grapes (on the vine)
111
Q

What are 4 ways to make sweet wine in the winery?

A
  • Fortification
  • Chilling down the wine and filtering out remaining yeast
  • Chilling down the wine and hitting it wit sulfur dioxide to kill the yeast
  • Adding sweetness to the wine
112
Q

What is Botrytis Cinerea and what does it do?

A
  • Mold
  • Lives in humid regions
  • Spores attack grapes leaving holes in the skin, causing grapes to dehydrate and concentrate the sugars
  • Grapes shrivel (and yields ar reduced)
  • Causes oxidation of grape juice, which slightly darkens the wine
  • Distinct flavors develop: mushroom, honey, saffron, candied ginger
113
Q

3 countries to find Botrytized wines?

A
  • France
    • Bordeaux (Sauternes)
    • Alsace
    • Loire Valley
      • Quarts de Chaume
      • Bonnezeaux
      • Vouvray Moelleux
  • Hungary
    • Tokaj Rejion (Tokaj Aszu is name of wine)
  • Germany
    • Auslese
    • Beerenauslese
    • Trockenbeerenauslese
114
Q

2 terms on Italian labels indicating sweet wines / dried grapes?

A
  • Passito
  • Recioto
115
Q

Name 4 Italian appellations and the region they’re in that make sweet wines from dried grapes.

A
  • Vin Santo – Tuscany
  • Elba Aleatico Passito – Tuscany
  • Recioto della Valpolicella – Veneto
  • Recioto di Soave – Veneto
116
Q

How many sake breweries exist in Japan today?

A

1400

117
Q

5 Ingredients in Sake?

A
  • Water
  • Rice
  • Koji-Kin
  • Yeast
  • Brewer’s Alcohol (not always used)
118
Q

How many types of sake rice exist? How many are premium?

A
  • More than 50 exist
  • 8 – 10 are used in premium-quality sake
119
Q

What is Koji-Kin and what does it do?

A
  • A fungus native to Asia
  • Converts starches found in rice into fermentable sugars
120
Q

What is Brewer’s Alcohol? Why use it?

A
  • A neutral, distilled alcohol that can be added to sake
  • Cheap Sake = To increase yield and stabilize / give a longer shelf life
  • Premium Sake = To draw more flavor out, add richness, stabilize
121
Q

What are the Sake quality grades in order from good to premium? What percentage of rice has been polished away?

A
  • Junmai – 30% (or 70% remains)
    • Junmai means NO brewers alcohol has been added
  • Honjozo – 30% (or 70% remains)
    • Brewers alcohol HAS been added
  • Ginjo – 40% (or 60% Remains)
  • Daiginjo – 50%
122
Q

What is Namazake? Nigori?

A
  • Unpasteurized Sake (always needs to be refrigerated)
  • Nigori looks milky and is typically off-dry

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