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Introductory Sociology CLEP > Intro Sociology CLEP > Flashcards

Intro Sociology CLEP Flashcards

1
Q

A status that individuals secure on the basis of choice and competition

A

achieved status

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2
Q

Type of suicide that occurs where ties to the group or community are considered more important than the individual identity

A

altruistic suicide

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3
Q

When one’s actions are geared to helping them join or connect with a particular social status

A

Affiliation motivated

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4
Q

Societies that cultivate large amounts of crops with the plow and other relatively advanced tools and equipment

A

Agricultural societies

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5
Q

Suicide that results from social isolation and individualism

A

egoistic suicide

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6
Q

Suicide that occurs as a result of “too much” social regulation

A

Fatalistic suicide

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7
Q

Suicide that occurs as a result of “too little” social regulation

A

Anomic suicide

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8
Q

A social condition in which people find it difficult to guide their behavior by norms they experience as weak, unclear, or conflicting.

A

Anomie

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9
Q

Social position a person receives at birth or involuntarily later in life

A

Ascribed status

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10
Q

A social position that a person holds

A

Status

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11
Q

All the statuses a person holds at a given time

A

Status set

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12
Q

The study of the evolution, development, and functioning of human society

A

Sociology

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13
Q

The transformation of culture and social institutions over time

A

Social change

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14
Q

A group’s formal and informal means of enforcing its norms

A

Social control

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15
Q

A division of society by rank or class

A

Social hierarchy

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16
Q

A change in position within the social hierarchy

A

Social mobility

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17
Q

A widely shared demand for change in some aspect of the social or political order

A

Social movement

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18
Q

A system by which a society ranks categories of peopel in a hierarchy

A

Social stratification

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19
Q

The process by which people, especially children, learn socially desirable behavior by means of verbal messages; the systematic use of rewards and punishments, and other teaching methods

A

Socialization

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20
Q

The people, institutions, and organizations that exist to help ensure that socialization occurs

A

Socialization agents

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21
Q

An extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization

A

Society

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22
Q

Self-ism or “i”ism views self as reality and all other indiviudals as essnetially unreal

A

Egoism

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23
Q

A political system in which the government tolerates little or no opposition to its rules but permits nongovernmental centers of influence and allows debate on issues of public policy

A

Authoritarianism

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24
Q

A system of exchange in which goods or services are traded directly for other goods or services without the use of money

A

Barter system

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25
Q

The ratio of live births in an area to the population of that area

A

Birth rate

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26
Q

Those individuals who control the means of production. Upper class

A

Bourgeoisie

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27
Q

A social structure made up of a hierarchy of statuses and roles that is prescribed by explicit rules and procedures and based on a division of function and authority

A

Bureaucracy

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28
Q

A social structure in which classes are determined by herdity

A

Caste system

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29
Q

Power that is legitimated by the extraordinary superhuman or supernatural attributes people attribrute to a leader

A

Charismatic authority

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30
Q

A religious organization that considers itself uniquely legitimate and enjoys a positive relationshp with the dominant society.

A

Church

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31
Q

Piaget’s theory that children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world; children experiences expand as their brain develops; they move through 4 stages: Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.

A

Cognitive development theory

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32
Q

Voluntary, often spontaneous activity that is engaged in by a large number of people and typically violates dominant-group norms and values

A

Collective behavior

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33
Q

Concrete operational stage of Cognitive development theory

A

Begins around age 7-11. Children begin thinking logically about concrete events, but have difficulty understanding abstract or hypothetical concepts.

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34
Q

A sociological approach that assumes that social behavior is best understood in terms of conflict or tension between competing groups.

A

Conflict perspective

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35
Q

An approach to crowd behavior that emphasizes the part played in crowd settings by rapidly communicated and uncritically accepted feelings, attitudes, and actions.

A

Contagion theory

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36
Q

The group that afford a neutral standards against which the changes in an experimental group can be measured.

A

Control Group

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37
Q

An approach to crowd behavior stating that a crowd consists of a highly unrepresentative body of people who assemble because they share the same predispositions.

A

Convergence theory

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38
Q

A subculture deliberately and consciously opposed to certain central beliefs or attitudes of the dominant culture.

A

Counterculture

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39
Q

A religious movement that represents a new and independent religious tradition.

A

Cult

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40
Q

The social heritage of a people; those learned patterns for thinking, feeling, and acting that are transmitted from one generation to the next, including the embodiment of these patterns in material items.

A

Culture

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41
Q

A value-free or neutral approach that views the behavior of a people from the perspective of their own culture.

A

Culture relativism

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42
Q

The ratio of deaths in an area to the population of that area

A

Death rate

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43
Q

A government in which the rulers are elected by the people through fair, free, competitive, and periodic elections. Public decision making is delegated to the representatives elected by the people.

A

Democratic government

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44
Q

Behavior that a considerable number of people in a society view as reprehensible and beyond the limits of tolerance.

A

Deviance

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45
Q

A general theory of crime that states that deviants come to learn the motivations and the technical knowledge of criminal activity through exposure to deviants and deviant behavior.

A

Differential Association theory

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46
Q

Division of work into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers

A

Division of labor

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47
Q

A two-member group

A

Dyad

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48
Q

Social rules that specify appropriate and inappropriate behavior in given situations

A

Norms

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49
Q

Broad ideas regarding what is desirable, correct, and good that most members of a society share.

A

Values

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50
Q

An approach to crowd behavior stating that crowd members evolve new standards for behavior in a crowd setting and then enforce the expectations in the manner of norms.

A

Emergent-norm theory

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51
Q

Involve situations where there are conflicts between one or more values and uncertainty about the correct course of action

A

Ethical problems

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52
Q

A shared cultural heritage

A

Ethnicity

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53
Q

The tendency to judge the behavior of other groups by the standards of one’s own culture.

A

Ethnocentrism

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54
Q

The requirement that marriage occur outside a group

A

Exomgamy

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55
Q

Leaders who achieve group harmony by making others feel good

A

Expressive leaders

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56
Q

A family arrangement in which kin-individuals related by common ancestry-provide the core relationship; spouses are functionally marginal and peripheral.

A

Extended family

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57
Q

A nuclear family that consists of oneself and one’s father, mother, and siblings

A

Family of Orientation

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58
Q

A nuclear family that consists of oneself and one’s spouse and children

A

Family of procreation

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59
Q

The average number of children a woman of childbearing years would have in her lifetime, if she had children at the current rate for her country

A

fertility rate

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60
Q

Norms people do not deem to be of great importance and to which they exact less stringent conformity

A

Folkways

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61
Q

A group formed deliberately for the achievement of specific objectives

A

Formal organization

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62
Q

An approach to group problem solving that assumes that to achieve a group goal, group members should perform certain communication functions.

A

Functional approach

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63
Q

A school of psychology that focuses on how mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.

A

Functionalism

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64
Q

A type of society in which life is intimate; a community in which everyone knows everyone else and peopel share a sense of togetherness

A

Gemeinschaft

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65
Q

A crime control policy that depends on the fear of criminal penalties, convincing the potential law violator that the pains associated with crime outweighs its benefits.

A

General deterrence

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66
Q

A community, often urban, that is large and impersonal, with little commitment to the group or consensus on values.

A

Gesellschaft

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67
Q

The degree to which group members accept and follow group norms

A

Group conformity

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68
Q

The degree to which we alter our behavior, attitudes and points of view to fit into our perceived expectation of what is appropriate

A

Conformity

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69
Q

The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives (Myers Psychology 8e p. 740)

A

Groupthink

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70
Q

Phenomenon in which participants’ knowledge that they’re being studied can affect their behavior

A

Hawthorne effect

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71
Q

Society in which people plant seeds and crops rather than merely subsist on available foods

A

horticultural societies

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72
Q

Societies that use simple technology for hunting animals and gathering vegetation

A

Hunting societies

73
Q

One’s sense of self

A

Identity

74
Q

A society that depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services.

A

Industrial society

75
Q

Interpersonal networks and ties that arise in a formal organization but that are not defines or prescribed by it.

A

Informal Organizations

76
Q

An exclusive circle of people with a common purpose

A

In-group

77
Q

An organization founded and united for a specific purpose

A

Institution

78
Q

Racist attitutes that are held by the vast majority of people living in a society where stereotypes and discrimination are the norm

A

Institutionalized Racism

79
Q

Leaders who achieve their group’s goal by getting others to focus on task performance

A

Instrumental Leaders

80
Q

A comparison of the social status of parents and their children at some point in their respective careers

A

Intergenerational mobility

81
Q

The principle that states that bureaucracies invariably lead to the concentration of power in the hands of a few individuals who use their offices to advance their own fortunes and self-interests.

A

Iron Law of Oligarchy

82
Q

undisputed credibilty

A

legitimacy

83
Q

An image of yourself based on what you belive others think of you

A

Looking glass self

84
Q

A key or core status that carries primary weight in a person’s interactions and relatinoships with others

A

Master status

85
Q

The concrete, tangible objects of a culture

A

Material culture

86
Q

Not tangible and is abstract. For example religion, beliefs and values.

A

Immaterial culture

87
Q

A strip city formed when the rural interstices between metropolitan centers fill with urban development

A

Megalopolis

88
Q

According to Comte, each branch of our knowledge passes through the different theoretical conditions

A

The law of three stages

89
Q

First stage in the development of a science where scientists look toward the supernatural realm of ideas for an explanation of what they observed. Sub-stages:
A) Fetishism
B) Polytheism
C) Monotheism

A

Theological stage

90
Q

Sub-stage of Theological stage Man accepts the existence of the spirit or soul. Does not admit priesthood

A

Fetishism

91
Q

Sub-stage of Theological stage Man begins to believe in magic and allied activities. Believes in several gods and created the class of priests to get the goodwill and the blessings of these gods.

A

Polytheism

92
Q

Sub-stage of Theological stage Man believes that there is only one central power which guides and controls all the activities of the world. The superhman pwoer of only one god.

A

Monotheism

93
Q

Second stage in the development of a science where scientists begin to look to the real world for an explanation of what they have observed

A

Metaphysical stage

94
Q

Final stage in the development of a science where scientists search for general ideas or laws

A

Positive stage

95
Q

The application of the scientific approach to the social world

A

Positivism

96
Q

Norms to which people attach a good deal of importance and exact strict conformity

A

Mores

97
Q

Family unit consisting of parents and children

A

Nuclear family

98
Q

Condition in which cities grow more rapidly than the jobs and housing they can sustain

A

Overurbanization

99
Q

The observation that “work expands to fill the time available for its completion”

A

Parkinson’s law

100
Q

Societies whose subsistence derives from the rearing of domesticated animals.

A

Pastoral societies

101
Q

A system of social organization in which men have disproportionate share of power.

A

Patriarchy

102
Q

A social group whose members have interests, social position, and age in common

A

Peer group

103
Q

A principle of organizational life according to which every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence.

A

Peter principle

104
Q

Analysis of politics that sees power as spread among many competing interest groups

A

Pluralist Model

105
Q

The system of having more than one spouse at a time

A

polygamy

106
Q

The marriage of one husband and two or more wives.

A

Polygyny

107
Q

The belief in many gods with equal or relatively similar power

A

Polytheism

108
Q

The increase in a country’s population in a given year, expressed as a percentage of the population figure at the start of the year

A

Population growth rate

109
Q

A society in which the economic emphasis is on providing services and information

A

Postindustrial society

110
Q

An analysis of politics that sees power as concentrated among the rich

A

Power Elite Model

111
Q

Two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Mother and child relationship.

A

Primary group

112
Q

A large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity

A

Secondary group

113
Q

Economic activities that generate or extract raw materials from the natural environment, Ex: mining, fishing, gorwing crops, drilling oil, etc

A

Primary sector of the economy

114
Q

The process by which children learn the cultural norms of the society into which they are born. Primary socialization occurs largely in the family.

A

Primary socialization

115
Q

Socialization outside the family after childhood namely within school

A

Secondary socialization

116
Q

Working class; those who labor for the bourgeouisie

A

proletariat

117
Q

A set of techniques for exploring underlying motives and a method of treating various mental disorders

A

Psychoanalysis

118
Q

The pirvate ownership of resources and the market distribution of products

A

Pure capitalism

119
Q

Research methods that use flexible methods of data collection, seek holistic understanding, present findings in words rather than numbers, and attempt to account for the influence of the research setting and process on the findings.

A

Qualitative methods of research.

120
Q

Research methods, based on the tenets of modern science, that use quantifiable measures of concepts, standardize the collection of data, attend only to preselected variables, and use statistical methods to look for patterns and associations.

A

Quantitative methods of research

121
Q

A population that differs from other populations in the incidence of various hereditary traits

A

Race

122
Q

Power made legitimate by law

A

Rational-legal authority

123
Q

Tendency of the ego to postpone gratification until it can find an appropriate outlet

A

Reality principle

124
Q

Group whose norms and values are used to guide behavior; group with whom you identify

A

Reference group

125
Q

Sample carefully chosen so that the characteristics of the participants correspond closely to the characteristics of the larger population

A

Representative sample

126
Q

A process by which a person’s roles and identities are stripped away and new ones are created

A

Resocialization

127
Q

The situation that occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social positions held by the same person

A

Role conflict

128
Q

Stress caused by incompatible demands from the roles of a single status

A

Role strain

129
Q

Those aspects of social reality that are set apart and forbidden

A

Sacred

130
Q

The analysis of data that have been collected by other resarches

A

Secondary analysis

131
Q

Economic activities that transform raw materials into manufactured goods

A

Secondary sector of the economy

132
Q

A religious organization that stands apart from the dominant society but is rooted in established religious traditions

A

Sect

133
Q

First level of cognitive development in which baby and young child begin interaction with the environment by reflex response, from birth to 2 yeras of age

A

Socio-cultural evolution

134
Q

The ability to see our private experiences and personal difficulties as entwined with the structural arrangements of our society and the historical times in which we live.

A

Sociological imagination

135
Q

Mark of shame, disgrace, or inferiority

A

Stigma

136
Q

A sampling procedure in which researchers divide a population into relevant categories and draw a random sample from each of the categories

A

Stratified sampling

137
Q

A group whose members participate in the main culture of a society while simultaneously sharing a number of unique values, norms, traditions, and lifestyles.

A

Subculture

138
Q

The part of the personality in Freud’s theory that is responsible for making moral choices
-sense of morality
-unconscious conscious

A

Superego

139
Q

A method for gathering data on people’s beliefs, values, attitues, perceptions, motivations, and feelings. The data can be derived from interviews or questionnaires.

A

Survey

140
Q

Approach that focuses on the interactions among people based on mutually understood symbols

A

Symbolic interactionism

141
Q

Socially forbidden acts

A

taboos

142
Q

Economic activities related to delivering services, including the creation and distribution of information
-transportation, communication, utility services

A

Tertiary sector of the economy

143
Q

Writted by Emile Durkheim
1. Religion as a major source of solidarity
2. Emphasizes social importance of religion

A

The Elementary Forms of Religious Life

144
Q

C. Wright Mills’ book that states the ordinary citizen is powerless and is manipulated by the power of the leaders of the military, corporate, and political elements of society.

A

The Power Elite

145
Q

The belief that working hard would please God

A

The Protestant Ethic

146
Q

Written by Max Weber. In it, he argues that the religious confidence and self-disciplined activism of the Calvinists produced an ethic that stimulated and reinforced the spirit of emergent capitalism.

A

The Spirit of Capitalism

147
Q

A place of work and residence where a great number of similarly situated people, cut off from the wider community for a considerable time, together lead an enclosed, formally administered round of life.

A

Total institution

148
Q

A system of rule in which the government recongnizes no formal limits on its power and seeks to absorb or eliminate other social institutions that might challenge it

A

Totalitarian government

149
Q

Power that is legitimated by the sanctity of age-old customs.

A

Traditional authority

150
Q

A three-member group

A

Triad

151
Q

A technique in which researchers observe the activities of people without intruding or participing in the activities.

A

Unobtrusive observation

152
Q

A thoery of positive urbanization. -Associated with industrialization and development (positive); rate of urbanization not correlated with economic development

A

Urbanization theories

153
Q

An approach to the study of social life developed by Max Weber in which sociologists mentally attempt to place themselves in teh shoes of other people and identify what they think and how they feel. translates roughly as “understanding”

A

Verstehen

154
Q

Movement of indiviudals from one social status to another of higher or lower rank

A

Vertical mobility

155
Q

1798-1857
French philosopher remembered as the founder of positivism. Saw human history as 3 stages: theological, metaphysical, and scientific. Founded “sociology.” Influence Realpolitik

A

Auguste Comte

156
Q

1818-1883
German journalist and philosopher, founder of the Marxist branch of socialism. He is known for two books: The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (Vols. I-III, 1867-1894)

A

Karl Marx

157
Q

1896-1980
Swiss psychologist remembered for his studie of cognitive development in children

A

Jean Piaget

158
Q

1883-1950
(criminology) Developed the differential association theory which talks about learning an excess of definition for deviance may make you more likely to e deviant.
-White collar theory
-Differential association theory

A

Edwin Sutherland

159
Q

1876-1936
Originated the idea ofe the iron law of oligarchy

A

Robert Michels

160
Q

1864-1920
A sociologist who emphasized the phenomenon of bureaucracy in explaining political developments

A

Max Weber

161
Q

1858-1919
Believed in functionalism and the scientific method; saw society as a set of independent parts that maintain a system but each separate part has a function

A

Emile Durkheim

162
Q

1856-1939
Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation, founded psychoanalysis

A

Sigmund Freud

163
Q

1841-1931
French social scientist who noticed the collective mind set that emerges when people become part of a crowd

A

Gustave LeBon

164
Q

1902-1994
Created the psychosocial theory which looks at the development of personality throughout the lifespan

A

Erik Erikson

165
Q

1902-2002
(The Lonely Crowd) “outer directed” Americans conforming to peer pressure on moral and social issues, rather than independtly thinking on morals.

A

David Riesman

166
Q

1910-2003
Expanded our understanding of the concept of social function by pointing out that any social structure probably has many functions. He distinguished between manifest functions and latent functions.

A

Robert Merton

167
Q

1916-1962
Described the importance of the sociological imagination when viewing the world, especially for people with power.
-“The Power Elite” 1956

A

C. Wright Mills

168
Q

Developed the technique of sociometry

A

J. L. Moreno

169
Q

Noted that different cultures may differ in their ideas about the true self by placing emphasis on either two main approaches: impulse and institution

A

Ralph Turner

170
Q

(psychoanalysis) primitive insticnts and energies underlying all psychic activity - The part of the mind in which innate instinctive impulses and primary processes are manifest.

A

id

171
Q

The system of social ties that acts as a cement connecting people to one another and to the wider society

A

Solidarity

172
Q

A system of social ties based on uniform thinking and behavior

A

Mechanical solidarity

173
Q

Social interdependency based on a high degree of specialization

A

Organic solidarity

174
Q

Unintended positive consequences

A

latent functions

175
Q

Intended positive consequences

A

Manifest functions

176
Q

Unintended consequences that harm society

A

Latent dysfunctions

177
Q

Intended consequences that harm society

A

Manifest dysfunctions

178
Q

Gerhard Lenski’s term for the changes that occur as a society gains new technology. From simple to complex.

A

Socio-cultural evolution

Introductory Sociology CLEP (1 decks)

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