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healthcare gr 12 > intro quiz/review from gr 11 > Flashcards

intro quiz/review from gr 11 Flashcards

1
Q

tendons…

A

connect bone to muscle

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1
Q

ligament…

A

connect bone to bone

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2
Q

where are RBC’s made, and WBC?

A

bone marrow

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3
Q

how many bones in the body? more or less for babies?

A

206 bones: more in babies, the bones haven’t fused

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4
Q

what are long bones

A

Longer than it is short- long (phalanges)

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5
Q

what are flat bones

A

Thin and curved to protect internal organs- flat (scapula, cranium, pelvis)

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6
Q

what are short bones

A

As long as they r wide- short (cranium)

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7
Q

what are sesamoid bones

A

Formed in embedded within a muscle/tendon near a joint-sesamoid (patella)

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8
Q

what are irregular bones

A

Vary in shapes and protect organs-irregular (vertebrae, facial bones)

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9
Q

what is the largest bone in the body?

A

femur

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10
Q

what is the shortest bone in the body?

A

stapes (ear)

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11
Q

importance of the skeletal system

A

· Maintains structure, protection, framework

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12
Q

greenstick fracture

A

doesn’t go all the way through the bone, common in children

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13
Q

compression fracture

A

type of broken bone that can cause your vertebrae to collapse, making them shorter

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14
Q

transverse fracture

A

bone is broken perpendicular to its axis/length

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15
Q

linear fracture

A

straight break in the bone, parallel to axis

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16
Q

open fracture

A

broken bone pierces through skin

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17
Q

spiral fracture

A

bone is broken through a twisting motion

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18
Q

how many pairs of ribs

A

12 pairs of ribs
- 7 true: directly attached to sternum
- 3 false: attached to ribs that ARE then attached to the sternum
- 2 floating: not attached to sternum

· Cartilage between bones – aids in movement (example ribs attaching to sternum)

· 12 thoracic vertebrae

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19
Q

what in bones aids in movement

A

cartilage, and allows ribs to attach to the sternum

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20
Q

number of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae

A

cervical: 7
thoracic: 12
lumbar: 5

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21
Q

purpose of the muscular system

A

· Allows for movement, generating force; works with the skeletal system

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22
Q

how are muscles rebuilt/how do they grow?

A

grow stronger and bigger after being torn

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23
Q

how to treat strains

A

RICE
(rest, ice, compress, elevation)

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24
Q

muscle strength is graded from 0-5
(Oxford grading system)

A

0- no contraction No strength
1- visible muscle contraction without movement
2-movement with gravity eliminated (can move limb on a surface from side to side but can’t be lifted)
3- movement against gravity only (patient can bring arm up but with force can’t keep it up against gravity)
4- movement against gravity with some resistance (unequal strength)
5- movement against gravity with full resistance (normal strength)

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25
Q

number of muscles in the body

A

· 600-800 muscles in the human body – aid in digestion, chewing, facial expressions

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26
Q

types of muscles

A

Smooth – involuntary, found in organs, non-striated

· Cardiac – involuntary, heart, striated

· Skeletal – voluntary, movement, striated

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27
Q

-how do muscles work
- what percent of injuries are muskoskeletal
- what is the strongest muscle
- what happens when you flex ur elbow

· Fast twitch and slow twitch

· Sliding filament theory

·

A

muscles shorten when aiding in movement, and all muscles have an origin and insertion

85%

tongue

biceps contract, triceps relax

slow-twitch: muscles use energy slower
fast-twitch: use energy faster

sliding filament theory: actin sliding past myosin to generate muscle tension

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28
Q

twitch

A

fast and slow twitch

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29
Q

what percent of injuries are muskoskeletal?

A

85%

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30
Q

what happens when the elbow is flexed

A

the biceps contract and your triceps relax

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31
Q

what is the strongest muscle

A

tongue

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32
Q

what is the digestive system

A

System that breaks down food from a non-usable for to a useable form using chemical digestion (enzymes) and mechanical digestion (chewing, stomach churning) to produce energy

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33
Q

parts of the digestive system

A

-Mouth
-teeth
-esophagus
-cardiac sphincter
-stomach
-pyloric sphincter
-duodenum
- jejunum
-ileum
-ascending colon
-transverse colon
-descending colon
-rectum
-anus
-pancreas (maintains blood sugar by secreting insulin and glucagon)

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34
Q

what does digestion use

A

mechanical: physical movement
chemical and mechanical: · Mechanical digestion as well as specific enzymes to break down specific sugars (carbohydrates) eg: lactase breaks down the sugar lactose

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35
Q

GERD

A

occurs when stomach acid repeatedly flows back into the tube connecting your mouth and stomach (esophagus)

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36
Q

IBS

A

changes in bowel movement; a common disorder that affects the stomach and intestines, also called the gastrointestinal tract

37
Q

constipation

A

Constipation is a condition in which you may have fewer bowel movements

38
Q

diarrhea

A

stools are loose and watery

39
Q

what happens during fight or flight to your digestive system

A

During fight or flight mechanism you GI system shuts down

40
Q

what are the macromolecules

A

(lipids, carbohydrates, protein, nucleic acid) are broken down with true and accessory muscles of digestion

41
Q

Borborygmi

A

stomach growls which should happen when listening within 3 minutes

42
Q

· Digestion starts in the mouth

A

salivary amylase

43
Q

what are the stages of digestion

A

ingestion, digestion, absorption and elimination

44
Q

the abdomen can be checked, by percussion, for

A

· Abdomen can be percussed (dull for organs and feces, resonant (echo) for areas of gas)

45
Q

inhalation

A

· During inhalation the air passes through the nasal cavity

46
Q

where does gas exchange occur

A

· Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli (oxygen in, carbon dioxide out); extensive surface area when adding up all the alveoli

47
Q

where does air go down

A

trachea; which is lined with cilia that protect the system from foreign debris

48
Q

reflexes to clean the body of debris

A

· Sneezing, coughing are reflexes to help rid the body of debris

49
Q

parts of the respiratory system

A

· Lungs (right lung is larger), alveoli, bronchi, nasal cavity, bronchioles, trachea, mouth, epiglottis, capillaries

50
Q

asthma

A

airways narrow and swell

51
Q

COPD

A

a condition involving constriction of the airways and difficulty or discomfort in breathing.

52
Q

CF

A

cystic fibrosis: genetic, mucus In the lungs

53
Q

Bronchitis

A

a chronic lung condition with abnormal widening and scarring of the airways

54
Q

emphysema

A

gradual damage of lung tissue, specifically the destruction of the alveoli

55
Q

what is an involuntary system

A

one that occurs on its own, such as breathing in the respiratory system

56
Q

· Respiratory cycle

A

(inspiration – lungs expand, volume increases, pressure decreases); (exhalation – lungs recoil, diaphragm moves up decreasing volume and increasing pressure)

57
Q

· Divided into 2 tracts

A

– upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract

58
Q

how can lung sounds be tested?

A

tethoscope can listen to abnormal lung sounds - wheezes

59
Q

what is the cardiovascular system

A

· Transportation system in the human body which transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones and waste

60
Q

function of the heart

A

· Heart pumps out blood that contains oxygen, platelets, WBC that are essential for bodily functions

61
Q

homeostasis with the systems:

A

· Works hand in hand with other systems (digestive, respiratory) in order to maintain homeostasis

62
Q

blood vessel types

A

· Blood vessels include –
veins (thinner, valves, return blood back to heart),
arteries (thicker, muscular, blood away from heart);
capillaries (1 cell thick, gas exchange)

63
Q

where are the main places to check for pulse

A

· Pulses can be checked in the femoral (thigh), radial (wrist), carotid (neck)

64
Q

what are the chambers of the heart separated by

A

· 4 chambers of the heart (atria, ventricles); chambers separated by the septum

65
Q

· Diseases – heart attack (myocardial infarction); hole in the heart (atrial septal defect), murmur, pacemakers

A

heart attack: myocardial infarction, blockage in the flow of blood
atrial septal defect: hole in the septum
murmur: extra noises caused by improper blood flow in the heart
pacemakers: generate electrical activity to one of the chambers of heart

66
Q

what is a stroke

A

· Stroke is plaque formation in blood vessels in the brain

67
Q

· Tests – EKG, CBC, balloon angioplasty

A

EKG: electrocardiogram, check electrical activity
CBC: complete blood count: counts rbc, WBC, and platelets
balloon angioplasty: surgical widening of a blocked or narrowed blood vessel, especially a coronary artery, by means of a balloon catheter.

68
Q

which arteries supply blood to the heart

A

· Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart

69
Q

3 types of circulation

A

– pulmonary, systemic and coronary (cardiac)

70
Q

types of Blood cells

A

platelets – clotting,
leukocytes – fighting infection, erythrocytes – carry oxygen

71
Q

12 pairs of cranial nerves

A

(olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trigeminal, trochlear, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharangeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal)

72
Q

CNS vs PNS

A

CNS – brain and spinal cord
PNS – somatic (voluntary), autonomic (involuntary) - parasympathetic and sympathetic NS - fight or flight, rest or digest, neurons, glial cells

73
Q

function of NS

A

System that delivers messages within the body in order to allow the body to function (sensation, movement, vision, digestion, breathing) and also receives information from outside the body via your senses

74
Q

deep tendon reflexes

A

· DTR – fast reflex in the body

75
Q

Lobes of the body – frontal, temporal, occipital, parietal

A

frontal: voluntary movement, expressive language
temporal: auditory
occipital: visual perception
parietal: sense of touch

76
Q

Tests for the Nervous system

A

coordination test, walking heel to toe

77
Q

what is Alzheimers

A

the most common type of dementia. It is a progressive disease beginning with mild memory loss

78
Q

function of integumentary system and components

A

· Regulate body temperature, protective barrier
- hair, skin, nails

79
Q

importance of evaluating integumentary system

A

· Evaluating the hair, skin and nails can be helpful with determining health

80
Q

ABCDE of moles

A

(a)symmetry, border, colour, diameter, elevated / evolving

81
Q

what is the largest organ of the body

A

skin

82
Q

layers of the skin

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

83
Q

function of melanin

A

gives the skin colour

84
Q

function of skin turgor

A

test for dehydration; age changes on collagen

85
Q

why study skin?

A

· Professionals study the skin as it can be very helpful with underlying health

86
Q

what is the importance of skin/integumentary system

A

· Absorption, secretion, protective barrier, temperature regulation, prevents dehydration

87
Q

types of burns

A

Burns – degrees; 1st – scarring, redness;
2nd –blisters;
3rd –deeper tissue, damage to nerves

88
Q

Factors for examining

A

– colour (jaundice – liver damage, pallor, cyanosis, melanin), papules, macules, texture, temperature

  • COLOUR, PAPULES, MACULES, TEXTURE, TEMPERATURE
89
Q

Disease – vitiligo, melanoma, albinism

A

vitiligo: a chronic (long-lasting) autoimmune disorder that causes patches of skin to lose pigment or color

melanoma: a kind of skin cancer that starts in the melanocytes.

albinism: an inherited condition that leads to someone having very light skin, hair, and eyes

90
Q

Histologically

A

epithelial tissue: squamous, columnar

healthcare gr 12 (4 decks)

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