Intro Pulmonary Anatomy

Question 1

what is the parenchyma?

Answer 1

substance of the lung that is cone shaped and hold the alveoli for gas exchange

Question 2

what is the pleura?

Answer 2

2 serous membranes covering each lung separated by thin serous film.
- visceral pleura covers the outside of each lung
- parietal pleura covers the inner chest wall

Question 3

what is the hilum?

Answer 3

the entrance of nerves/ vessels/ bronchi

Question 4

what is the alveoli? how do they act during inspiration and expiration?

Answer 4

the spongy part of the lungs where gas exchange occurs
- during inspiration they expand
- during expiration they contract passively

Question 5

what are the two major cells that compose the pulmonary epithelium? what are their role?

Answer 5

alveolar type I (ATI) and alveolar type II (ATII) line the peripheral part of the lungs and play an important role pulmonary homeostasis

Question 6

How does the PNS and SNS affect pulmonary system?

Answer 6

• PNS regulates bronchoconstriction
  -SNS regulates bronchodilation

Question 7

what structures compose the conducting zone? what is the job of this zone?

Answer 7

• trachea, primary bronchus, bronchus, bronchi, bronchioles
• this zone serves to humidify, warm, and filter air

Question 8

what structures are in the respiratory zone? what is the job of this zone?

Answer 8

• respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs
• this zone serves for gas exchange

Question 9

How many lobes are in the R lung? How many lobes are in the L lung?

Answer 9

• R lung: 3 lobes
  -L lung: 2 lobes

Question 10

what is total lung capacity? what are normal values?

Answer 10

• the volume of air contained in the lungs after maximal inspiration
• the sum of all volume
• normally 6L

Question 11

what is tidal volume? what are normal values? how does it change?

Answer 11

-lung volume representing the normal volume of air displaced between normal inhalation and exhalation
-normally 0.5 L
- changes with pattern of breathing

Question 12

what is vital capacity? What are normal values? how can it change?

Answer 12

• the greatest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest breath possible
• normally 4.5 L
• will change based on compliance, muscle strength, and low airway resistance

Question 13

what is expiratory reserve volume? What are normal values? How can it differ?

Answer 13

• the additional amount of air that can be expired from the lungs after normal expiration
• 1-1.5L for avg healthy adult
• relies on muscle strength and low airway resistance
• reduced in pregnancy, obesity, severe obstruction of bronchi

Question 14

what is residual volume? what are norms?

Answer 14

• the amount of air that remains in a persons lungs after fully exhaling
• normally 1.5 L

Question 15

what is inspiratory capacity? what are the norms?

Answer 15

• maximal amount of air that can be inspired after normal expiration
• normally 3L

Question 16

what is inspiratory reserve volume? What are the norms?

Answer 16

• the maximal amount of additional air that can be drawn into the lungs after normal inspiration
• normally 2.5L
• relies on muscle strength, lung compliance (elastic recoil), and normal tidal volume

Question 17

what is functional residual capacity?

Answer 17

• volume remaining after quiet expiration
• normally 3L