intro pharmacology Flashcards
What are branches of pharmacology?
- Medical pharmacology
- Toxicology
What is pharmacology?
The study of substances that interact with living systems through chemical processes by binding to molecules that activate or inhibit normal bodily processes
What does medical pharm deal with?
substances to prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases
what does toxicology pharm deal with?
- undesirable side effects of chemicals on living systems
- primary side effects
What is pharmacodynamics (PD)?
- What the drug DOES to the body
- bind to receptor and brings about a response
What is pharmacokinetics (PK)?
What the BODY does to the drug
-how the drug moves through the body
What are the components of PK?
- absorption
- Distribution
- metabolism
- excretions
Describe receptor binding
A drug (the key) has to have the appropriate chemical structure to bind the receptor (the lock) and bring about a response **NOTE: there are numerous receptor types that exist throughout the body
What is a receptor?
A component of a cell or organism that interacts with a drug and initiates the chain of biochemical events leading to the drug’s observed effects
What are pharmacologic effects?
-cellular process by which a response is produced is termed the “mechanism of action” of a drug
What does the cellular action result in?
a physiological effect
-also the same as the pharmacological effect
are therapeutic pharmacological effects a desired or undesired response?
they are desired
-Pharmacological effects that result in desired response are therapeutic
are non-therapeutic or adverse pharmacological effects a desired or undesired response?
They are undesired
-Pharmacological effects that result in non-desired responses are non-therapeutic and may result in adverse effects
What are types of expected responses?
Full agonist: turns receptor on and binds very well
partial agonist: Sometimes binds
inactive compound: doesn’t do anything (don’t normally give these to pts)
Inverse agonist: blocks receptor and doesn’t have an effect
What is efficacy?
A measure of the MAXIMUM effect of a drug regardless of the amount of drug required to achieve it
What is potency?
a measure of how much drug is required to achieve a specific effect, relative to the amount of another drug required to achieve the same effect
What is absorption?
- the movement of drug from the site of administration to the systemic circulation and the extent to which this occurs
- the route of administration can influence rate and extent of absorption
What are examples of routes of drug administration?
-oral, topical/transdermal, sublingual/buccal, rectal, opthalmic, otic, intranasal, pulmonary, intravenous, intramuscualr, subcutaneous, intrathecal
what are factors that affect oral drug absorption?
- solubility and dissolution of dosage form (extended release)
- pH of stomach/intestines (weak acids absorb better in acidic environment/weak base absorbs better in more basic intestines)
- other factors
What is bioavailability?
The proportion of administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation
-invravenous=100% bioavailability
_oral= less than 100% because it is incomplete absorption
**NOTE: dependent upon physiochemical properties of the drug
Describe distribution?
- After absorption, drugs are distributed throughout the body
- is is the process that examines transport of drug throughout the body
if the distribution is more localized how will the side effects be?
more localized
The more systemic the distribution how will the side effects be?
more undesirable and more systemic the effects are
What are factors that affect drug distribution?
- Blood flow to tissues
- volume of distribution (Vd)/lipid solubility
- protein binding
- blood brain barrier
