intro pharmacology

Question 0

What are branches of pharmacology?

Answer 0

• Medical pharmacology

- Toxicology

Question 1

What is pharmacology?

Answer 1

The study of substances that interact with living systems through chemical processes by binding to molecules that activate or inhibit normal bodily processes

Question 2

What does medical pharm deal with?

Answer 2

substances to prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases

Question 3

what does toxicology pharm deal with?

Answer 3

• undesirable side effects of chemicals on living systems

- primary side effects

Question 4

What is pharmacodynamics (PD)?

Answer 4

• What the drug DOES to the body

- bind to receptor and brings about a response

Question 5

What is pharmacokinetics (PK)?

Answer 5

What the BODY does to the drug

-how the drug moves through the body

Question 6

What are the components of PK?

Answer 6

• absorption
• Distribution
• metabolism
• excretions

Question 7

Describe receptor binding

Answer 7

A drug (the key) has to have the appropriate chemical structure to bind the receptor (the lock) and bring about a response
**NOTE: there are numerous receptor types that exist throughout the body

Question 8

What is a receptor?

Answer 8

A component of a cell or organism that interacts with a drug and initiates the chain of biochemical events leading to the drug’s observed effects

Question 9

What are pharmacologic effects?

Answer 9

-cellular process by which a response is produced is termed the “mechanism of action” of a drug

Question 10

What does the cellular action result in?

Answer 10

a physiological effect

-also the same as the pharmacological effect

Question 11

are therapeutic pharmacological effects a desired or undesired response?

Answer 11

they are desired

-Pharmacological effects that result in desired response are therapeutic

Question 12

are non-therapeutic or adverse pharmacological effects a desired or undesired response?

Answer 12

They are undesired

-Pharmacological effects that result in non-desired responses are non-therapeutic and may result in adverse effects

Question 13

What are types of expected responses?

Answer 13

Full agonist: turns receptor on and binds very well
partial agonist: Sometimes binds
inactive compound: doesn’t do anything (don’t normally give these to pts)
Inverse agonist: blocks receptor and doesn’t have an effect

Question 14

What is efficacy?

Answer 14

A measure of the MAXIMUM effect of a drug regardless of the amount of drug required to achieve it

Question 15

What is potency?

Answer 15

a measure of how much drug is required to achieve a specific effect, relative to the amount of another drug required to achieve the same effect

Question 16

What is absorption?

Answer 16

• the movement of drug from the site of administration to the systemic circulation and the extent to which this occurs
• the route of administration can influence rate and extent of absorption

Question 17

What are examples of routes of drug administration?

Answer 17

-oral, topical/transdermal, sublingual/buccal, rectal, opthalmic, otic, intranasal, pulmonary, intravenous, intramuscualr, subcutaneous, intrathecal

Question 18

what are factors that affect oral drug absorption?

Answer 18

• solubility and dissolution of dosage form (extended release)
• pH of stomach/intestines (weak acids absorb better in acidic environment/weak base absorbs better in more basic intestines)
• other factors

Question 19

What is bioavailability?

Answer 19

The proportion of administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation
-invravenous=100% bioavailability
_oral= less than 100% because it is incomplete absorption
**NOTE: dependent upon physiochemical properties of the drug

Question 20

Describe distribution?

Answer 20

• After absorption, drugs are distributed throughout the body
• is is the process that examines transport of drug throughout the body

Question 21

if the distribution is more localized how will the side effects be?

Answer 21

more localized

Question 22

The more systemic the distribution how will the side effects be?

Answer 22

more undesirable and more systemic the effects are

Question 23

What are factors that affect drug distribution?

Answer 23

• Blood flow to tissues
• volume of distribution (Vd)/lipid solubility
• protein binding
• blood brain barrier

Question 24

How does blood flow affect distribution?

Answer 24

• drug must get to site of action to exert effects

- greater blood flow to the vital organs than the extremities

Question 25

How does lipid solubility and volume of distribution affect drug distribution?

Answer 25

• extent to which drug is present in tissue but not in plasma
• dependent upon degree of water vs. fat solubility (partition coefficient)
• high lipid soluble drug (high Vd) more easily passes tissues and pass blood brain barrier
• low lipid soluble drug (low Vd) more likely to stay in blood

Question 26

How does protein binding affect drug distribution?

Answer 26

• the binding of the drug to protein in the systemic circulation
• free drug (that is not protein bound) is active
• highly protein bound drugs have smaller fraction free

Question 27

How does the blood brain barrier (BBB) affect drug distribution? what is the BBB

Answer 27

• lipid soluble drugs can pass this barrier and penetrate CNS
• a very selective protective layer that surrounds the CNS (brain and spinal cord) that keeps toxins out

Question 28

Describe metabolism

Answer 28

the process of chemical transformation of a drug

• it is essential for elimination of drug from the body as well as termination of a drug’s pharmacological activity
• *NOTE: some drugs need to be metabolized to be activated

Question 29

What is prodrug in terms of metabolism?

Answer 29

an inactive precursor of a drug, converted to its active form in the body by normal metabolic processes

Question 30

What is the livers roll in all this metabolism shit?

Answer 30

• it is the major organ involved in metabolism
• it is consisted of multiple biotransformation reactions (i.e. oxidation)
• drugs can be substrates, inhibitors, or inducers leading to possible drug-drug interactions when administered concurrently

Question 31

What is significant about CYP450?

Answer 31

• it is a genetic polymorphisms
• Some individuals may lack or have reduced activity of certain CYP450 enzyme and be considered poor metabolizers
• Some individuals may exhibit an over-expression of certain CYP450 enzyme and be considered ultra-rapid metabolizers

Question 32

describe excretion?

Answer 32

-is the removal of a drug and its metabolites form the body

Question 33

What is the primary organ responsible for excretion?

Answer 33

• the kidneys

- other sites are skin, lungs, breath, liver

Question 34

When do you need to adjust dome drugs? and why?

Answer 34

renal and hepatic impairment because they don;t excrete and metabolize as well

Question 35

What is steady state?

Answer 35

• the condition where the amount of drug delivered into the systemic circulation equals the amount that is being eliminated
• with repeated dosing, steady state plasma concentration are achieved within approximately 5-7 half lives

Question 36

What is the importance of all of this?

Answer 36

• clinical pharm consists of pharmacodynamics/kinetic principles
• understanding these principles is the basis of understanding how medication acts in the body
• clinical pharm provides the basis for making sound therapeutic decisions and allows for individualized medication therapy