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Pharmacology > Intro Pharmacokinetics vs Dynamics > Flashcards

Intro Pharmacokinetics vs Dynamics Flashcards

1
Q

Define a ‘Dose-Response Curve’

A

Curve which represents the dosage over which the drug is effective and peak effect/response that can be expected

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2
Q

Define ‘Threshold dose’

A

Where response begins and increases in magnitude until a response plateau is reached

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3
Q

Define ‘Ceiling effect (maximal efficacy)’

A

The point at which there is no further response even if dosage continues to increase

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4
Q

Define ‘efficacy’

A

Dosage ranges over which the drug has desired effect

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5
Q

Define ‘potency’

A

Threshold dose that produces a given response

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6
Q

The more potency a drug has the more it shifts to the left/right

A

LEFT

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7
Q

The taller the curve gets, the greater the potency/efficacy

A

EFFICACY

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8
Q

Define ‘median effective dose (ED50)’

A

The dose at which 50% of the population response to a drug in a specified manner

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9
Q

Define ‘median toxic dose (TD50)’

A

The dose at which 50% of the population exhibit adverse effects

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10
Q

Define ‘median lethal dose (LD50)’

A

The dose that causes death in 50% of the animals studied

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11
Q

Define ‘therapeutic index (TI)’

A

TD50/ED50; the higher the safer

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12
Q

Define ‘first pass effect’

A

When a drug is given orally, a significant portion is metabolized and destroyed in the liver, before it reaches the target tissues. A sufficient dosage must be given taking this destruction into account.

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13
Q

Define ‘bioavailability’

A

% of drug administered that reaches the bloodstream

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14
Q

What 4 factors affect bioavailability?

A

1) Tissue permeability (highly lipid molecules cross membranes more easily)
2) Blood flow (carries drug to highly perfused organs)
3) Plasma protein binding (bound portion of drug does NOT have a therapeutic effect and is NOT eliminated)
4) Subcellular protein binding (drug gets trapped within the cell

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15
Q

Define ‘volume of distribution’

A

Vd = amount of drug administered / concentration of drug in plasma

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16
Q

If Vd = total amount of body water?

A

Uniform body distribution

17
Q

If Vd > total amount of body water

A

Drug is being concentrated in the tissues

18
Q

If Vd

A

Drug is being retained in the bloodstream (i.e. due to plasma binding proteins)

19
Q

What does activated charcoal do for overdose cases?

A

It creates a decreased concentration of the drug in the blood, so it has a negative concentration relative to the tissues and leaches the drug out and into the blood stream for excretion

20
Q

Define ‘biotransformation’

A

Chemical altering of a drug to metabolite via enzymes to deactivate that drug

21
Q

What is the primary site of drug metabolism?

A

Liver (also in the lungs, kidneys, GI, skin)

22
Q

What factors affect biotransformation?

A

Tissue/ organ damage, metabolic inhibitors, enzyme induction

23
Q

What are 4 biotransformation mechanisms?

A

Oxidation, Reduction ,Hydrolysis, Conjugation

24
Q

How can herbs and supplements affect drug metabolism

A

They can inhibit the enzyme that metabolizes the drug

25
Q

Through what organ are drugs excreted?

A

Kidneys

26
Q

Which will be more easily excreted, Lipiphiilic/Hydrophilic? Polar/Non-polar?

A

Hydrophilic, polar

27
Q

What is a drug half-life?

A

The amount of time required for 50% of the drug remaining in the body to be eliminated

28
Q

What is clearance?

A

The amount of time it will take to get the drug out of the body

29
Q

What is the difference between continuous administration and interval administration?

A

Continuous matches the rate of drug elimination while interval is dosed at a particular time interval to maintain average plasma concentration

30
Q

What is an agonist?

A

A drug capable of binding to a receptor and activating change in the cell’s function

31
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

Drug capable of binding to a receptor but unable to create change in the receptor’s cell function

32
Q

Describe the principle of receptor regulation

A

A prolonged increase in receptor stimulation will result in a decrease in receptor function; a decrease in receptor stimulation will result in receptor #s or sensitivity

33
Q

What are the top 4 sites for drug storage in the body?

A

Adipose tissue, bone, muscle, organs

34
Q

List different routes of drug administration

A

Sublingual, rectal, oral, inhaled, injection, IV, Intraarterial, SQ, IM, Transdermal, topical, intrathecal

35
Q

what is pharmacokinetics?

A

How the body affects the drug (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion)

36
Q

What is pharmacodynamics?

A

How a drug affects the body (time course and intensity of effect)

Pharmacology (2 decks)

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