Intro Pharma Flashcards
Importance of pharmacology
Discovering new drugs
Improvement of of effectiveness of drugs
Reducing side effects of drugs
Understanding why patients have different responses to drugs
Differentiate between a drug and a medicine
Drug- a chemical substance of known structure other than a nutrient which when administered produces a biological effect Medicine- a pharmaceutical product which contains one or more drugs and administered to produces a therapeutic effect
Differentiate between pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics- effects and action of drugs
Pharmacokinetics- what body does to drug,absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADMEJ
Founder of modern pharmacology
Oswald Schmeideberg
Who proposed the concept of receptors
John NEWPORT Langley
Who revised the concept of “receptive substance” to binging of drugs to receptors
Paul Ehrlich
Who discovered penicillin
Alexander Fleming
Who discovered sulfanomides
Gerhard Domagk
How where drugs discovered in the past
Through identifying active ingredients in traditional remedies
What does recent drug discovery rely on
Screening large numbers of compounds for their ability to bind to drug receptors
Define computer aided drug design
To predict whether a molecule will bind to a certain drug target or not
What condition can thalidomide have on the fetus
Phocomelia- shortening or absence of limbs
Describe the first phase of drug development
- first in human
*10 -100 participants - Done in healthy volunteers can occasionally have rare or advanced diseases
*should asses safety and tolerability
Describe phase 2 of drug development
- First in patient
*50-500 participants - Patients are the subjects and are given experimental drug
*Random, controlled, placebo-controlled, can be blinded
*to asses efficacy and does ranging
Describe phase 3 of drug development
*Multi-site trail
*hundreds to thousands of participants
*patients receive experimental drug
*random, controlled, placebo-controlled or uncontrolled ,can be blinded
*to confirm efficacy in larger population
*longer exposure to drug
Describe phase 4 of drug development
- post-marketing surveillance
*many thousands of participants
*done in patients in treatment with approved drug
*follow up with drug
*to asses adverse events, compliance and drug-drug interactions
Omeprazole
Proton pump inhibitor
Used in gastroesophageal reflux disease
When can a generic version of the innovator drug be developed
As soon as the patent of an API (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient) expires
Generic medicine
- A copy of original drug
- Medicines where the original patent has expired and can now be produced by manufacturers other than the original innovator
Innovator drug
The original drug with a valid patent of an API
Generic drug applications
*called Abbreviated New Drug Applications
* don’t require preclinical and extensive clinical data to establish safety and efficacy
*generic drugs must be bioequivalent to the innovator product
Bioequivalence
How much of the drug you gave finally got into the circulation
