Intro part 1; lobes, functions, history, structures Flashcards
5 levels of Neuro Analysis
Molecular N
Cellular N
Systems N
Behavioural N
Cognitive N
Which level of Neuroscience focuses on molecule - molecule interactions? (such as protein ints)
Molecular
What is studied in cognitive neuroscience?
Self-awareness, imagination, and language.
Which level of neuroscience focuses on neurons interacting with effector cells?
Cellular
Which level of neuroscience integrates systems to study memory formation?
Behavioural
What is the focus of systems neuroscience?
Collections of cells forming circuits
At what level are mutations easiest to pinpoint?
Molecular
( as levels get higher its harder to pinpoint. )
What are examples of movement that are studied at the Motor Behaviour level
Sitting, Walking, Running
What does the study of Motor Control focus on?
Neural, Physiological, and Behavioural aspects of movement
What is Motor Control to Motor Behaviour?
the “how to” of motor behaviour
(the plan that nervous system creates)
-Nervous system’s “Plan”
-Strategy of neuron activation
Motor Control
Where in the brain is the Motor Action Planning associated?
Frontal Cortex
What is the role of Upper Motor Neurons?
Contribute to Motor Action Planning
- Found in Brain
What is the role of Lower Motor Neurons?
Contribute to Action Execution
- Found in Spinal Cord
What influences changes in Motor Behaviour?
Growth, Maturation, Experience
What are 2 aspects of Motor Memory?
Neural-based Learning
&
Muscle Structure Adaptation
How does the nervous system learn in Motor Memory
Through Neural (based ) Adaptation
What happens to muscles during repetitive activity in motor memory?
They Upregulate proteins based on stimulus
What type of disorder is Schizophrenia?
Cognitive disorder affecting thoughts an behaviour
Which disease is characterized as a type of Dementia?
Alzheimers
What part of the brain is affected in Parkinson’s Disease?
Basal Ganglia
What condition is associated with the Demyelination of Motor Neurons?
ALS
What are Brachial Plexopathies commonly caused by?
Sports-Related Stingers?
What did Hippocrates identify as the center of sensation and intelligence?
The brain
What incorrect assumptions did Aristotle make about the brain and heart?
He thought the heart was the center of intelligence and the brain cooled blood
Who deduced the brain’s function from its structure?
Galen
What were the major brain parts identified by Galen?
- The cerebrum (sensory function)
- The cerebellum (motor function).
What did Luigi Galvani demonstrate about muscle activity?
That muscles twitch through electrical stimulation, even without brain activity
What type of energy is used for nervous system mode of communication?
Bioelectric energy
What are afferent action potentials?
Signals moving toward the CNS
What are efferent action potentials?
Signals moving away from the CNS
What is the function of the frontal lobe?
Storing short-term memory and planning/control of movement
What is the role of the parietal lobe?
Somatic sensation and communication with the frontal lobe
What does the temporal lobe process?
Hearing, learning, memory, and emotion
What is the function of the cervical plexus?
Serves the head and neck
Which plexus serves the arms and shoulders?
The brachial plexus
Which plexus serves the abdomen, pelvis, and legs?
The lumbosacral plexus
What are the 7 main parts of the central nervous system?
Spinal cord, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, diencephalon, cerebrum
What is the role of the spinal cord?
Relays information between the brain and the body
What does the cerebellum contain, and what is its function?
Several major tracts (peduncles); it helps coordinate movements and learning of motor skills
Which structures make up the brain stem?
Medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain
What is the primary function of the pons?
Conveys information about movement from the cerebrum to the cerebellum
What does the midbrain regulate?
Eye movements and visual and auditory reflexes
What is the function of the thalamus?
Processes sensory information to the cerebral cortex (e.g., proprioception)
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
endocrine, ANS, visual functions
What are the 3 deep structures of the cerebrum?
Basal ganglia, hippocampus, and amygdaloid nuclei
What is the function of the basal ganglia?
Motor Performance; activates skel muscles producing smooth movments
What role does the hippocampus play?
Not specified (generally involved in memory and spatial navigation)
What is the function of the amygdaloid nuclei?
ANS functions
What was the contribution made by Hippocrates?
said that the brain is the centre of sensation and intelligence
True or False: neurons are the only cells that generate bioelectricity.
False: muscle cells also do
What are Gyri?
Bumps along the brain surface
What are Sulci?
small grooves between Gyri
What are Fissures?
deep grooves between Gyri
If you bump into something, the ___________ lobe communicates it to the __________ lobe, to plan based on that stimulus
Parietal Lobe ; Frontal Lobe
(proprioception)
What lobe processes how your internal and external environments feel?
Parietal Lobe
A network of nerves exiting the spinal cord at 2 different locations is known as what?
Nerve Plexus
True or False: Peduncles exist only in the cerebellum.
False: they exist throughout spinal cord
What is the purpose of Peduncles?
provides organization, makes functions smoother
What part of the brain houses neurons that carry out vital functions (digestion, breathing, heart rate)?
Medulla Oblongata
What part of the brain is involved in generating reflexes in response to visual or auditory stimuli?
Midbrain
What is the most superficial layer of the Cerebrum known as?
Cerebral Cortex
