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Human Anatomy > Intro Notes > Flashcards

Intro Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of structure

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2
Q

Gross Anatomy V. Microanatomy

A

GA- structures that can be seen without a microscope
MA- structures that need a microscope

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3
Q

Regional Anatomy V. Systemic anatomy

A

RA-orders the body as major segments
SA-orders the body in organ systems

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4
Q

Clinical (appplied) anatomy

A

Emphasizes aspects using structure and function that are important in health sciences. Uses regional and systemic approaches

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5
Q

Surface anatomy

A

Study of what lies under the skin and what structures via touch (palpation)

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6
Q

Anatomical position

A

Head, eyes, and toes directed anteriorly (forward)
Arms adjacent to the sides with palms facing anteriorly
Lower limbs fairly close together with the feet parallel

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7
Q

Median plane (median sagittal; midsagittal plane )

A

Goes through longitudinally thru the midline of the body dividing the body into equal parts

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8
Q

Sagittal planes

A

Vertical planes pass thru the body dividing the body into left and right parts

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9
Q

Frontal planes (coronal)

A

Vertical planes passing thru the body which divide the body into anterior and posterior parts

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10
Q

Transverse planes

A

Horizontal planes passing thru the body dividing it into superior and inferior parts

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11
Q

Longitudinal sections

A

Runs lengthwise or parallel to the long axis of the body or its parts

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12
Q

Transverse (cross) sections

A

Slices of the body or its parts that are cut at right angles to the longitudinal axis

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13
Q

Superior v. Inferior

A

S- near the topmost point of the cranium
I- Near the sole of the foot

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14
Q

Posterior (dorsal) V. Anterior (ventral)

A

P-back surface of the body or near it
A- Front surface of the body or near it

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15
Q

Medial V. Lateral

A

M-Near the median plane of body
L- farther away from the median plane of body

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16
Q

Superficial v. Deep

A

S- near body’s surface
D- far from body’s surface

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17
Q

Proximal V. Distal

A

P- near attachment of a limb
D- Far from attachment of a limb

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18
Q

Dorsum

A

Protrudes anteriorly from body

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19
Q

Plantar

A

Surface of foot (the sole)

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20
Q

Bilateral V. Unilateral

A

B- right & left structures (paired)
U- one side only (no pair)

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21
Q

Ipsilateral V. Contralateral

A

I- on the same side of the body as another structure
C- opposite side of the body relative to another

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22
Q

Flexion V. Extension

A

F- bending or decreasing the angle btwn bones or parts
E-straightening or increasing angle btwn bones or parts

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23
Q

Dorsiflexion V Plantarflexion

A

D- flexion at the ankle joint (heels down)
P- bends the foot down, heels up

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24
Q

Hyperextension

A

Extension of a limb or part beyond the normal limit

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25
Q

Abduction V. Addiction

A

Ab- moving away from median plane
Add- moving towards the median plane

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26
Q

Rotation
Medial rotation
lateral rotation

A

R- Turning a part of the body around its longitudinal axis
MR- brings the anterior surface of a limb closer
LR-takes the anterior surface away from the median plane

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27
Q

Circumduction

A

A circular movement wh/ involves multiple movements wh/ cause the body to move in a circle

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28
Q

Lateral flexion

A

An abduction only the neck & trunk which get directed anteriorly wh/ causes the midline of the body to become bents sideways

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29
Q

Pronation V. Supination

A

P- rotates medially so that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly & it’s dorsum faces anteriorly

S- rotates the radius latterly & uncrosses it from ulna wh/ returns it to anatomical position

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30
Q

Eversion v. Inversion

A

E- Move the sole of the foot away from the median plane
I- move the sole of the foot towards the median plane

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31
Q

Protrusion V. Retrusion

A

P- anteriorly protruding the chin, lips or tongue
R- opposite, double chin

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32
Q

Protraction V. Retraction

A

P- Anterolateral movement of the scapula on the thoracic wall
R- opposite

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33
Q

Tissue

A

An organized, recognizable collection of cells, material between cells that function as a unit

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34
Q

Epithelium

A

Cells are closely packed w/ very little intercellular matrix

Free surface not in contact w/ other cells
Protection, secretin, absorption

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35
Q

Connective tissue

A

Intracellular matrix that contains collagenous, elastic, and or reticular fibers, 3 types

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36
Q

Hyaline cartilage
fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage

A

HC- found in ribs, nose, larynx, trachea; precursor of bone tissue
FC- very strong, found in intervertebral discs, joint capsules, ligaments
EC- imparts elasticity to an organ; found in external earl, epiglottis, & larynx

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37
Q

Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue

A

M- long slender cells- muscle fibers- ability to contract in order to produce movements of body parts
N- made of neurons and neuroglia (glial cells)

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38
Q

Viscera

A

Organs w/in the ventral body cavity.
Not applied to blood or lymphoid vessels or nerves

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39
Q

Skin

A

Two main layers are epidermis and dermis

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40
Q

Epidermal layers

A

Epithelial tissue- keratinized
Superficial layer- provides protection, tough horny layer
Basal layer-pigmented

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41
Q

Dermis

A

Mostly connective tissue with interlacing elastic & collagen fibers
Highly vascular

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42
Q

Subcutaneous

A

-AKA superficial fascia
- deep to the dermis
-consists of loose connective tissue & stored fat

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43
Q

Hair follicles
Arrector (arrector pili) muscle
Sebaceous glands
Sweat glands

A

-produce hair s & regulate hair glrowth
-contraction erects hairs and causes goose bumps
-secrete oily product onto hair and skin surface
- produce a watery secretion, evaporation aids heat loss

44
Q

Sensory receptors
Arterioles

A
  • Meissner’s corpuscles, for detecting light touch
    -dilation or constriction promotes heat loss or retention, respect
45
Q

Integumentary system functions

A

Protection
Containment for body’s tissues, organs, & fluids
thermoregulation
Sensation
Synthesis & storage of Vitamin D

46
Q

Fascias
Superficial fascia
Deep fascia

A

-constitute the wrapping, packing, & insulating material of the deep structures of the body
- is subcutaneous tissue
-dense, organized connective tissue layer, devoid of fat, covers most of the body parallel to the skin & subcutaneous tissue

47
Q

Investing fascia
Intermuscular septa
Subserous fascia
Retinacula

A
  • covers or “clothes” individual muscles & neuromuscular bundles
    -divide muscles into groups - contained w/in fascia compartments- & extend centrally to attach to bones
  • lies between musculoskeletal walls & serous membranes lining body cavities
  • hold tendons in place during joint movements
48
Q

Bursa
Tendon sheath

A
  • a closed normally collapsed, sac of serous membrane- secreting fluid to lubricate a internal surface- allows one structure to move freely over another; near joints or between bone
  • an elongated bursa, wrapped around tendon, anchors tendon in place
49
Q

Skeletal System Functions

A

-Support
-protection for vital structures
-Mechanical basis for movements
-Storage for salts
-a continuous supply of new blood cells

50
Q

Skeletal system
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton

A

-composed of cartilages & bones
- bones of the head, neck, trunk
- the limbs, girdles, attach limbs bones

51
Q

Lone bones
Short bones
flat bones
Irregular bones
Sesamoid bones

A

-tubular (ex: femur)
-Cuboidal (ex: wrist & ankle)
-Usually protective (Ex: cranial bones)
-not long, short, or flat they stick out (ex: vertebrae)
- develop in tendons, where tendons cross ends of long bones of limbs (ex: patella)

52
Q

Cartilage
Bone
Periosteum
Articular Cartilage

A

-semirigid, avascular CT; forms parts of skeleton where flexibility is required
-living, highly specialized, hard form of CT
-fibrous CT covers each bone except with articulating surfaces (called perichondrium in a cartilage)- tendons & ligaments
-smooth, low-friction surface for movement of bone- such as ball & sock joints

53
Q

Tendons V. Ligaments

A

Tendons = muscles to bone
Ligaments = bones to bones

54
Q

Spongy (trabecular) bone
Compact one
Red/yellow bone marrow

A

-formed from spicules (trabeculae), more or larger spaces, central mass of bone, replaced via medullary cavity (towards middle), deep to compact bone
-fewer & smaller spaces, superficial thin layer surrounds spongy, provides strength for weight bearing
-found w/in medullary cavity (yellow = fatty) & between spicules of spongy (red = blood & other cells)

55
Q

Body
Capitulum
Condyle
Epicondyle

A
  • mass of a bone (= shaft)
    -small, round, articular head (joints connect)
  • rounded, knuckle-like articular area occurs in pairs
  • eminence superior or adjacent to a condyle
56
Q

Crest
Facet
Foramen
Fissure

A

-ridge of bone
-smooth flat area, usually covered with/ cartilage, bone articulates w/ another bone
-slit-like passage thru bone

57
Q

Groove
Head
Line
Neck
Notch

A

-elongated depression or furrow
-large, round articular end
-linear elevation, sometimes a ridge
-narrow portion adjacent to the head
-indentation @ edge of a bone

58
Q

Process
Protuberance
Spine

A

-an extension or projection from a bone
-bulge or projection of a bone
-thorn-like process

59
Q

Trochlea
Tubercle
Tuberosity

A

-spool-like articular process, acts as a pulley
-raised eminence
-rounded elevation

60
Q

What’s Mesenchyme

A

embryonic CT (all bones develop from this)

61
Q

Intramembranous ossification V. Endochondral ossification

A

IO- mesenchyme -> bone; embryonic -> fetal period
EO-Mesenchyme -> cartilage -> bone

62
Q

Endochondral Ossification steps

A
  1. Mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondroblasts -> forms cartilaginous model
  2. Mid-region of bone starts to calcifies, blood vessels & bone-forming cells = primary ossification center-> bone tissue replaces cartilage-> diaphysis
  3. Secondary Ossification center appears at ends of bones forming the epiphyses
  4. Epiphyseal plate (Growth plates) lie between diaphysis & epiphyses where growth of bone occurs -> diaphysis & epiphyses don’t fuse until adult size is reached
  5. Once adult size is reached the fusion or seam where diaphysis & epiphyses fused is called epiphysial line
63
Q

Articulation (Joint)

A

Junction between 2 or more bones , 3 classifications based on structure (fibrous, cartilaginous, & synovial) & function (synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, & diarthrosis)

64
Q

Fibrous Joints
Cartilaginous Joints

A
  • contains no joint cavity & have articulating bones held via fibrous CT- 3 subtypes
    -contain no joint cavity & have articulating bones held together via cartilage (2 subtypes)
65
Q

Synovial joints

A
  • articulating joints united via joint (articular) capsule composed of a fibrous layer via serous membrane (synovial membrane). -6 subtypes
    -Joint capsule spans & encloses a fluid-filled space called joint cavity (joint space; articular cavity)
    -joint cavity contains synovial fluid
    -joint reinforced by several ligaments either extrinsic (separate from joint) or intrinsic (thicken portion of joint)
    -free movement of articulating bones , some have fibrocartilaginous articular disc (meniscus)
66
Q

Suture
Syndesmosis
Gomphosis

A

-found in cranium, extremely short lengths of fibrous tissue btwn bones that they are held close together, either interlocking or overlapping- no movement
- bones united along a sheet of fibrous tissue, either a ligament or fibrous membrane, allows for slight movement
-found btwn the root of a tooth & socket of a jawbone, peg-like process held into a socket by short fibrous tissue
-Subtypes of fibrous joints

67
Q

Synchondrosis
Symphysis

A

-uniting cartilage is hyaline , found between epiphysis & diaphysis of a growing bone, joint is usually temporary & essentially allows no movement
-uniting cartilage is fibrocartilage, allows slight movement
-Subclasses of cartilaginous joints

68
Q

Plane joints
Hinge joints
Saddle joints

A

*subs of synovial
-opposed surfaces of bones R flat or almost, tight joint capsules, permit limited gliding/sliding movements in plane of articular surfaces (most intercarpal joints of wrist)- uniaxial
-joint capsule is thin & lax anteriorly & posteriorly where laterally placed collateral ligaments, flexion & extension-uniaxial
-shaped like a saddle (opposing articular); allow abduction & addiction as well as flexion & extension, bilateral (thumb)

69
Q

Condyloid joints
Ball & socket Joints
Pivot joints

A

-allow flexion & extension AWA abduction & adduction, movement in one plane is usually greater than the other plane, (fingers)- ~ biaxial
-spheroidal surface of one bone moves w/in the socket of another, multiaxial
-rounded process of bone rotates w/in a sleeve or ring, allows rotation around central axis. Uniaxial
*synovial joints subs

70
Q

Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis

A

-joint allowing no movement (skull joints)
-joint allowing slight movement (intervertebral disc)
-a joint allowing free movement, subclasses (3)

71
Q

Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial

A

-allow movement only in one plane around single axis
-allow movement in only two planes
-movement in multiple planes

72
Q

Vasculature & innervation of Joints

A
  • joints receive blood from articular arteries often anastomose (commuicate) form networks of arteries
    -synovial joints R drained via articular veins originating synovial membrane
    -innervated with nerves, transmit sensations of pain & of proprioception, Hilton Law states nerves that supply a joint supplies the muscle
73
Q

Skeletal (skeletal striated) muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac (cardiac striated) muscle

A

-cylindrical, very long, multinucleated, striated, typically voluntarily controlled, usually attached to bones
-Cells are shorter than skeletal, spindle-shaped, unstriated, single nucleus, not controlled voluntarily, found in walls of hollow organs
-cells are shorter than skeletal muscle, branched, striated, single nucleus, not controlled voluntarily, found in heart

74
Q

Somatic muscles
Visceral muscles

A

-located in the body wall & limbs
-located in the walls of the blood vessels & in walls of hollow organs of the body cavities

75
Q

Head (belly)
Aponeurosis
Origin
Insertion

A

-reddish, fleshy, contractile part
-broad, flat, sheet-like tendon
-less movable point of attachment of a muscle to skeleton
-more movable point of attachment of a muscle to skeleton

76
Q

Muscle cells are:
Fascicles are:
Sarcolemma is:

A

Muscle fibers
Muscle fibers bound together
Plasma membrane of an individual muscle fiber

77
Q

Epimysium (investing fascia)
Perimysium
Endomysium

A

-surrounds the entire muscle
-surrounds each fascicle
- surrounds each muscle fiber

78
Q

Flexor
Extensor
Abductor
Adductor

A

-muscle contracts producing flexion
-produces extension
-produces abduction
-produces adduction

79
Q

Levator
Depressor
Tensor
Rotator

A

-produces upper movement of a body part
-produces downward movement of a body part
-makes a body part more rigid
-moves a bone around its longitudinal axis

80
Q

Pennate Muscles
Fusiform muscles
Convergent muscles

A

Fiber or fascicle arrangement is feather-like
Spindle shaped with a round, thick belly & tapered ends
Arise from a broad area & converge to form a single tendon

81
Q

Quadrate muscles
Circular or sphincteral muscles
Multiheaded or multibellied muscles

A

-have four nearly equal sides
-surround a body opening or orifice, constricts when contracted
-more than one head of attachment or more than one contractile belly

82
Q

Reflexive contraction
Tonic contraction
Phasic contraction

A

RC-Activity of many muscles is automatic (reflexive) & not voluntary- knee jerk
TC- even when relaxed the muscle is slightly contracted (TC or. Muscle tone), only when conscious, doesn’t produce movement or active resistance but gives it firmness- stability
PC- two types isometric & isotonic

83
Q

Isometric contraction
Isotonic contraction

A

IMC- muscle length remains the same- no movement; but force (muscle tension) is increased to resist gravity or other force-
IC- Muscle changes length in relationship to produce movement (2 types)

84
Q

Concentric contraction
Eccentric contraction

A

CC- movement occurs as a result of shortening (moving towards origin)
EC- a contracting muscle lengths (relaxation)

*When the main muscle = prime mover; undergoes concentric contraction, its antagonist undergoes eccentric

85
Q

Prime mover (agonist)
Fixator
Synergist
Antagonist

A

PM-main muscle responsible for sp. movement
F-steadies/fixes proximal parts of a limb thru Isometric Contraction while movement occurs in distal parts
S-works with the prime mover either directly (same movement) or indirectly (fixator)
A- opposes the action, contracts eccentrically, relaxes

86
Q

Pulmonary circulation V. Systemic circulation

A

PC- right half of heart to lungs to left half of heart
SC- left half of heart to all body tissues to right halt of heart

87
Q

Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

A

A-carries blood away form the heart, both elastic & muscle fibers in walls, branches into smaller tubes called arterioles
V-carries blood towards heart, thinner walls, contains valves (prevents backflow), smaller tubes called venules
C-connect arterioles to venules, does exchange/gas of substances, btwn tissues & blood

88
Q

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica Adventita

A

-inner lining consisting of a single layer of extremely flattened epithelial cells, the endothelium, supported via delicate CT
-middle layer consisting primarily of smooth muscle
-outer connective tissue layer or sheath

89
Q

Accompanying veins
Vascular sheath

A

-(venae comitantes)- multiple veins that accompany deep arteries
- fascial sheath that surround accompanying veins & their deep arteries that they accompany

90
Q

What’s Anastomosis
Arteriolovenular (arteriovenus) anastomosis

A
  • communication btwn two blood vessels that would not normally be present. Often allows collateral circulation (alt blood pathways) *occurs more with veins that with arteries
    -between a vein & artery; bypasses capillaries
91
Q

Lymphoid (lymphatic) system

A

Drains surplus fluid, proteins, bacteria, debris; from extracellular spaces to bloodstream. Lack of drainage results in edema (swelling). Major part of body defense, foreign particles drain to lymph nodes and lymphocytes dispatch to area. Absorption & trans port of dietary fat via lacteals- R special lymphatic capillaries.

92
Q

Lymphatic plexuses

A

-networks of lymphatic capillaries in extracellular (intracellular) spaces of most tissues. Formed via highly attenuated endothelium lacking basement membrane.- permeable to things that can’t enter blood capillaries. Fount where blood capillaries are; except in teeth, bone, marrow, & CNS.

93
Q

Lymphatic vessels
Lymph trunks
Lymph nodes

A
  • thin-walled with abundant valves body-wide to drain lymph from lymphatic capillaries.
    -are large collecting vessels that receive lymph from vessels (lymphatic)
    -small masses of lymphatic tissue that are located along the course of both superficial & deep lymphatic vessels; the lymph is filled via these nodes on its way to the cardiovascular system
94
Q

Lymph
Lymphocytes
Lymphoid organs

A

-fluid that enters the lymph capillaries & conveyed via the vessels; usually clear, watery, slight yellow- similar composition of plasma
-circulating cells of the immune system that react against foreign invading material
-organs & body regions which are produced lymphocytes- thymus, RBM, spleen, tonsil, & lymphoid nodules in walls of digestive tract

95
Q

Superficial lymphatic vessels V. Deep lymphatic vessels

A

-found in subcutaneous tissue converge towards & follows the veins of tissue, drain into deep lymphatic vessels
-accompany arteries of tissue, receive the lymph drainage of internal organs

96
Q

Lymphatic trucks dump into:
Cisterna chyli

A

-Right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct
-Lower 1/2 of body merge in abdomen forms a collecting sac

97
Q

Why is the lymphoid system important clinically

A

Provides predictable route- find the source of cancer cells by following them, if you find a tumor in the lymph & its not the primary
Inflammation of lymphatic vessels &or enlargement of lymph nodes is indicator of injury, infection, disease

98
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Neurolemma
Epineurium
Nerve

A

The nervous system that is not the brain or spinal cord
-surround the axons of neurons
-includes fatty tissue, blood vessels, & lymphatics
-bundle of axons outside of the CNS, the CT holding bundle together & bld vessels (vasa nervorum) serving the whole strucutre

99
Q

Axons are additionally surrounded via CT layers (deep -> superficial )

A

Endoneurium
Perineurium
Eppineurium

100
Q

Myelinated nerve fiber V. Unmyelinated nerve fibers

A

-neurolemma consits of multi schwann cells sp to an individual axon, organized into a continuous serious of cells that form myelin
-multiple axons are separately “embedded” w/in cytoplasm of a single, Schwann cell- no myelin

101
Q

Afferent (sensory) fibers
Efferent (motor) fibers
Ganglion

A

-of the PNS convey neural impulses TO the CNS from the sense organs and other parts of the body
-of the PNS convey neural impulses FROM the CNS to effector organs
- a collection of neuron cell bodies outside of the CNS, there are both motor (autonomic) ganglia & sensory ganglia

102
Q

Somatic nervous System

A
  • its Motor fibers (somatic) supply skeletal muscles
  • its sensory fibers (somatic sensory, general sensory, fibers) supply the sensory receptors that detect temp, touch, pressure, and pain from the skin, skeletal muscle, tendons, & joints
103
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

-Its motor fibers (visceral efferent, or visceral motor, finer)- supply smooth muscles, cardiac muscle tissue, & glands
-its sensory fibers (visceral afferent, or visceral sensory, fibers) supply sensory receptors in viscera, blood vessels, & glands that detect pain (in viscera) and information about body’s internal environment (from receptors in hollow organs)

104
Q

Sensory fibers are in:
Motor fibers are in:

A

-cranial or spinal sensory ganglia
-w/in CNS gray matter,first & second neurons are w/in CNS and outside CNS, respectively

105
Q

Cranial nerves
Spinal (segmental) nerves
Posterior (dorsal) root
Anterior (ventral) root
Spinal nerve

A

-nerves exiting the cranium
-nerves exiting the vertebral column thru intervertebral foramina
-consists only of incoming SENSORY (afferent) fibers
-consists only of outgoing MOTOR (efferent) fibers
- Where the posterior & ventral roots combine

106
Q

Posterior ramus
Anterior ramus

A

-supplies nerve fibers to synovial joints of the vertebral column, deep muscles of the back, & the overlying skin
-supplies nerve fibers to the much larger raining area: anterior & lateral regions of the trunk & upper & lower limbs a

*both of them are mixed- carry both sensory & motor fibers

107
Q

Dermatome

A

-the unilateral area of the skin applied via single spinal nerve (left or right)
-you have double coverage so a single posterior root or spinal never damage rarely results in numbness over whole area
-Dermatomal innervation is important bc it allows clinician to determine wheaten a particular spinal nerve/spinal cord segment is functioning normally

Human Anatomy (2 decks)

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