Intro: Names And Definitions Flashcards
first to apply statistical methods to
the study of human differences and inheritance
of intelligence, and introduced the use of
Questionnaires and Surveys for collecting data
on human communities
Francis Galton
Published 15 articles on statistical methods
Austin Bradford Hill
application on statistics was published in physiology journal by?
DUNN
Key influence for RCT of streptomycin for PTB
Bradford Hill
did not employ statistical methods
- On Airs, Waters, and Places
Hippocrates
Small pox inoculation, resolve therapeutic debates, risk benefit analysis
Edward Jenner
published an anonymous pamphlet in 1722, in which he examined the London Bills of Mortality
John Arburthnot
estimated that the chance of dying from naturally-occurring smallpox was 1:10.
John Arburthnot
outbreak of scurvy
James Lind
the (modern) “father” of the controlled clinical trial
James Lind
one of the most prominent advocates for
applying the “numerical method” to medicine
Pierre - Charles - Alexandre Louis
physician who used an analogy to maritime insurance
Benigno Risueño d’Amador
claimed that relying on the numerical method would reduce the physician to “a shoemaker who after having measured the feet of a thousand persisted in fitting every one on the basis of the imaginary model.”
François Double
trained as an engineer before becoming a physician and used probability mathematics by applying the concept of the confidence interval to medical statistics.
Jules Gavarret
argued for his particular method of antiseptic surgery based on statistical studies
Joseph Lister
developed many modern statistical techniques to study biological variation – such as curve-fitting and
goodness-of-fit tests, as well as methods for measuring correlation
Karl Pearson
actively embrace Pearson’s recommendations
Major Greenwood
first professor of epidemiology and vital statistics at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
Major Greenwood
Created the “Bradford Hill Criteria.”
Austin Bradford Hill
most prominent student of Greenwood and sought to educate the medical profession on the proper use of statistics
Austin Bradford Hill
Hypothesized that disease might be associated with the physical environment, including seasonal variation in illness
HIPPOCRATES
First to employ quantitative methods in describing population vital statistics
JOHN GRAUNT
Formulated natural epidemiological experiment to test the hypothesis that cholera was transmitted by contaminated water.
JOHN SNOW
Used a case-control design to describe and test the association between smoking and lung cancer.
DOLL & HILL
Huge formal field trial of the Poliomyelitis vaccine in school children.
FRANCES at al.
Used the cohort design to study risk factors for cardiovascular disease in the Framingham Heart Study.
DAWBER et al
Scurvy could be treated with fresh fruit
JAMES LIND
Established application of vital statistics for the evaluation of health problems.
WILLIAM FARR
Systematized application of numerical thinking (quantitative reasoning)
ALEXANDER LOUIS
Suggested criteria for establishing causation
BRADFORD HILL
branch of statistics concerned with mathematical facts and data related to biological events
Biostatistics
the science that helps in managing medical uncertainties and the application of statistical methods to the solution of biological problems.
Biostatistics
study of frequency, distribution, and determinants of diseases and other health-related conditions in a human population and the application of this study to the prevention of disease and promotion of health
Epidemiology
application of mathematics to study statistics, using probability theory, linear algebra, measure theory, and stochastic analysis.
Mathematical statistics
deals basically with situations
Mathematical statistics
includes planning for the collection of data, managing data, analyzing, interpreting and drawing conclusions from data, and identifying problems, solutions and opportunities using the analysis.
Applied Statistics
This major builds critical thinking and problem solving skills in data analysis and empirical research. In addition to career goals, it will prepare you for advanced degree programs in statistics and quantitative fields
Applied Statistics
a group of people, objects, or items that are taken from a larger population for measurement
Sample
the pool of individuals from which a statistical sample is drawn for a study
POPULATION
also called a categorical variable, is a variable that isn’t numerical.
QUALITATIVE VARIABLES
are numerical, they represent a measurable quantity.
QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES
ones where researchers observe the effect of a risk factor, diagnostic test, treatment or
other intervention without trying to change who is or isn’t
exposed to it.
Observational studies
Detailed presentation of a single case or handful of cases! Generally report a new or unique finding
Case Reports
Experience of a group of patients with a similar diagnosis
Case Series
treatment and exposures occur in a
“controlled” environment, planned research designs
Experimental Studies
non-experimental, there is no individual intervention
• treatment and exposures occur in a “non- controlled” environment
Observational Studies
An “observational” design that surveys exposures and disease status at a single point in time
Cross-sectional studies
Often used to study conditions that are relatively frequent with long duration of expression (nonfatal, chronic conditions), It measures prevalence, not incidence of disease
Cross-sectional Studies
an “observational” design comparing exposures in disease cases vs. healthy controls from same population
Case-Control Studies
looks forward, looks to the future, examines future events, follows a condition, concern or disease into the future
Prospective Study
“to look back”, looks back in time to study events that have already occurred
Retrospective Study
investigator can “control” the exposure, generally involves random assignment to groups
Experimental Studies
subjects in the study who actually receive the treatment of interest are called?
treatment group
subjects in the study who receive no treatment or a different treatment are called?
comparison group
a design with subjects randomly assigned to
“treatment” and “comparison” groups
Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs)
the “gold standard” of research designs
• provides most convincing evidence of relationship between exposure and effect
Randomized Controlled Trials
