Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CC challenge > Intro Logic > Flashcards

Intro Logic Flashcards

1
Q

Logic

A

The science and art of reasoning well.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Law of excluded middle

A

Any statement is true or false.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Law of identity

A

If a statement is true, then it is true.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Law of non-contradiction

A

A statement cannot be both true and false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Formal logic

A

Deals with the proper modes of reasoning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Informal logic

A

Deals with operations of thinking that are indirectly related to reasoning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Induction

A

Reasoning with probability from examples or experience to general rules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Deduction

A

Reasoning with certainty from premises to conclusions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

3 Laws of thought

A

Law of excluded middle, law of identity, law of non-contradiction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Term

A

Concept that is expressed precisely in words.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Definition

A

A statement that gives the meaning of a term.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ambiguous word

A

A word that has more than one definition.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Vague word

A

A word whose extent is unclear.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Genus

A

A genus of a term is a term that is more general, broad, or abstract than the original term and includes it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Species

A

A species of a term is a term that is more specific, narrow, or concrete than the original term and is included by it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Extension

A

Extention is is becoming more vauge, abstract, or broad.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Intention

A

Intention is becoming more concrete, perscice, or narrow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Rule for genus and species #1

A

A definition should sate the essential attributes of the term.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Rule for genus and species #2

A

Definition should not be circular.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Rule for genus and species #3

A

A definition should not be to broad or narrow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Rule for genus and species #4

A

A definition should not be unclear or figurative.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Rule for genus and species #5

A

A definition should be stated positively, if possible.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Rule for genus and species #6

A

A definition should be the same part of speech as the term.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Statement

A

A sentence that can be either true or false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Self-Supporting statement

A

A statement whose truth value can be determined from the statement itself.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Tautology

A

A statement that is always true by logical structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Self-Contradiction

A

A statement that is false due to it’s logical structure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Supported statement

A

A statement whose truth value depends on evidence from information outside itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Consistent

A

Two statements are consistent if they can both be true at the same time

30
Q

Implication

A

Two statements are related by implication if the truth of one requires the truth of another

31
Q

Logically equivalent

A

Two statements are logically equivalent if they imply one another

32
Q

Independent

A

Two statements are independent if the truth or falsity of one has no effect on the truth or falsity of the other

33
Q

Real dissagrement

A

An actual inconsistency between two statements: they cannot be true at the same time.

34
Q

Apparent dissagrement

A

A difference of opinion or perception

35
Q

Verbal dissagrement

A

A misunderstanding due to differing definitions for one or more words

36
Q

The square of opposition

A

A diagram of the basic relationships between categorical statements with the same subject and predicate

37
Q

A

A

All s are p

38
Q

E

A

No s are p

39
Q

I

A

Some s are p

40
Q

O

A

Some s are not p

41
Q

Contradiction

A

Two statements are in contradiction if they always have opposite truth values

42
Q

Contrary

A

Two statements are contrary if and only if they can both be false but cannot both be true

43
Q

Subcontraries

A

Two statements are subcontraries if and only if both can be true but both cannot be false

44
Q

Subimplication

A

Is the relationship between a universal and particular statement of the same quality in which the truth of the universal necessitates the truth of the particular

45
Q

Superimplication

A

Is the relationship between a universal and particular statement of the same quality in which the falsity of the particular necessitates the falsity of the universal

46
Q

Arugement

A

An argument is a set of statements, one of which appears to be implied or supported by the others

47
Q

Conclusion

A

The conclusion of an argument is the statement that appears to be implied by the other statements in the arguments which are called premises

48
Q

Syllogism

A

A syllogism is a deductive argument with two premises and three terms.

49
Q

Categorical Statement

A

FIX THIS.

50
Q

Major Term

A

Predicate of the conclusion

51
Q

Minor Term

A

Subject of the conclusion

52
Q

Middle Term

A

Found once in each premise

53
Q

Major Premise

A

The premise containing the major term

54
Q

Minor Premise

A

The premise containing the minor term

55
Q

Schema

A

The schema of a syllogism is a representation of it, having statements in standard order with standard abbreviations of it’s terms

56
Q

Mood

A

The mood of a syllogism is a three-letter description of the types of categorical statements it contains when arranged in standard order

57
Q

Figure

A

The figure of a syllogism is a number from 1 to 4 identifying the placement of its middle term

58
Q

The Four Figures

A

M is P P is M M is P P is M

S is M S is M M is S M is S

59
Q

Form

A

The form of a syllogism is the mood and figure of the syllogism

60
Q

Valid

A

A syllogism is valid if and only if the premises imply the conclusion

61
Q

Sound

A

A sound syllogism is valid and has true premises

62
Q

Counterexample

A

A counterexample to a syllogism is a syllogism of the same form as the original, but with obviously true premises and a obviously false conclusion, in order to show the original one to be invalid

63
Q

Distributed Term

A

A distributed term is a term that, within a statement, refers to all members of its category

64
Q

3 rules for testing a syllogism

A

1 In at least one premise the middle term must be distributed
2 If a term is distributed in the conclusion, it must be distributed in its premise
3 The syllogism must have exactly the same number of negative premises as negative conclusions

65
Q

Immediate Inference

A

A statement that can be inferred directly from another statement

66
Q

Converse

A

The converse of a statement is a statement that reverses the subject and predicate. It is only valid for E and I statements

67
Q

Obverse

A

The obverse of a statement is a statement of the opposite quality with a negated predicate. It is valid for all statements

68
Q

Compliment

A

The compliment of a term is the set of all therms not included in the given term.

69
Q

Contrapositive

A

The contrapositive of a statement reverses the subject and predicate and negates both the subject and the predicate of them both. It is valid for A and O

70
Q

Inclusive

A

An inclusive is a word, often a relative pronoun or adverb, that refers to a broad range of things or times

71
Q

Exclusive

A

Exclusives are words that set boundaries, referring only to a limited class of things

72
Q

Enthymeme

A

An Enthymeme is an argument in which a statement is unstated and assumed. Specifically, it is a syllogism with one assumed statement

CC challenge (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions