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Mycology > Intro Lecture > Flashcards

Intro Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 fungal lifestyles?

A

Saprophytic
Parasitic
Mutualistic/Sybiotix

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2
Q

What is saprophytic lifestyle?

A

Decomposition of organic matter.

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3
Q

What is mutualistic/symbiotic lifestyle?

A

Non-pathogenic, obligatory associations with other microorganisms

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4
Q

What fungal lifestyle is of veterinary importance?

A

Parasitic

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5
Q

Are yeasts unicellular or multicellular?

A

Unicellular

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6
Q

Are moulds unicellular or multicellular?

A

Multicellular

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7
Q

What are three structural features of fungi?

A

Capsules, Cell Wall, Cytoplasmic Membrane

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8
Q

What does a capsule provide?

A

Protection against phagocytosis. May possess antigens - stimulate an immune response in the host.

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9
Q

What is a capsule made up of?

A

Slime = loose polysaccharide gelatinous sheath deposited around the cell wall.

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10
Q

What is the cell wall made up of?

A

Net of polysaccharide microfibrils (chitin, glucan, mannan and cellulose). Cross linked by proteins/glycoproteins.

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11
Q

What does the Fungi’s cell wall determine?

A

Morphology

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12
Q

What is the cytoplasmic membrane?

A

Bilayered membrane containing sterols. Dissimilar to bacterial membranes, similar to other eukaryotes.

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13
Q

What is mycelia?

A

A feeding system of colourless tubules.

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14
Q

What are mycelium components of?

A

Thallus

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15
Q

What is hypha?

A

A single branch of the mycelium. (Individual filament of the filamentous structure)

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16
Q

What are vegetative mycelia?

A

Hyphae and mycelia embedded for support and nutrition in the surface of the substrate (soil, bread, skin) on which the fungus grows.

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17
Q

What are aerial hyphae or conidiophores?

A

Fungal hyphae that grow above the the surface where the terminal portions often differentiate into reproductive spore-bearing structures.

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18
Q

What are ascospores?

A

Spores produced as a result of sexual reproduction and are enclosed in microscopic sacs called asci.

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19
Q

What are conidiospores or conidia?

A

Asexually produced spores that are produced at the tips of the hyphae often in chains or sticky masses.

20
Q

What shape are yeasts?

A

Oval/spherical

21
Q

What are the two modes of fungal replication?

A

Asexual and sexual.

22
Q

What occurs during sexual replication?

A

Fusion of 2 hyphal nuclei - followed by meiotic division. Resulting haploid spore (meiospores) = sexual spore.

23
Q

What is the sexual stage of replication referred to as?

A

Teleomorphic or perfect state.

24
Q

What occurs during asexual replication?

A

Mitosis of a single parent nucleus (spores or conidia). Sporulation or germinations, budding of yeast cells, fragmentation of hyphae. Conidia arise by budding off from a conidiophore or by differentiation of preformed hyphae. Asexual spores are commonly formed by cleavage of a sporangium.

25
Q

What are the 3 morphological types fungi are classified into?

A

Yeasts, moulds, dimorphic.

26
Q

What are the 3 main mechanisms of fungal disease in animals?

A

Tissue invasion, toxin production, induction of hypersensitivity.

27
Q

What are the general features of tissue invasion?

A

Superficial mycoses, subcutaneous mycoses and tumour like granulomas.

28
Q

What are the general features of toxin production?

A

Mycotoxicosis

29
Q

What are the general features of induction of hypersensitivity?

A

Immune complex induced tissue injury.

30
Q

What are the routes of entry of fungal diseases?

A

Endogenous commensals and exogenous fungal spores.

31
Q

What are endogenous commensals?

A

Already present on host in low numbers.

32
Q

How do exogenous fungal spores get into the host?

A

Deposited onto host, inhaled by host, ingested by host. Wounds, mucosa, macerated skin.

33
Q

What are the two laboratory test for diagnosis and identification of fungal infections?

A

SDA- Sabouraud’s Dextrose Agar

DTM- Dermatophyte Test Medium

34
Q

What are the features of SDA?

A

pH 5.6 -slightly acidic pH helps to inhibit bacterial growth. Antimicrobials may be included.

35
Q

What are the features of DTM?

A

SDA with a pH indicator. Red colour change with dermatophytes.

36
Q

How do you grow fungi in the lab?

A

Culture two plates. One at 25C and one at 37C. Slow growers- will take a few days (yeast) and up to 3-6 weeks (dermatophytes). Examine two times a week.

37
Q

Are fungi eukaryotes?

A

Yes- they have a true nucleus

38
Q

How do fungi obtain energy?

A

No chlorophyll - obtain energy by breakdown of dead or living organic matter.
Heterotrophic

39
Q

Where will fungal disease often be present?

A

In immune compromised animals.

40
Q

What is a dispersal spore?

A

Produced in large numbers and separate completely from parent mycelium. Launched by specialist hyphae. Germinate readily in available nutrients.

41
Q

What are survival spores?

A

May not completely separate from mycelium. Tend to be large. Retain substantial nutrient reserves. Germination only occurs after slow waning of dormancy or in response to a specific stimulus.

42
Q

How do yeasts reproduce?

A

Budding (blastospores)

43
Q

Are moulds strict aerobes?

A

Yes

44
Q

How do moulds grow?

A

Apical growth occurring at the tip of the hyphae. “Extension Zone” allows fungus to utilise distant food sources.

45
Q

What are the three zones of a mature mould colony?

A

Peripheral extension zone, fruiting/sporing zone and central aged zone.

46
Q

How can dimorphic fungi exist?

A

In hyphal/filamentous form or yeast form.

47
Q

What is the temperature dependent morphology of yeasts and moulds?

A 
Yeast = 37C (body temperature)
Moulds = 25C (room temperature)

Mycology (3 decks)

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