Intro: Joint Structure and Function

Question 1

What kind of tissue is bone and what does it do?

Answer 1

connective
protects internal organs, provides rigid links, muscle attachments, and helps muscle activation

Question 2

epiphysis

Answer 2

end of bone, growth plates

Question 3

metaphysis

Answer 3

tapered area between epiphysis and diasphysis

Question 4

diaphysis

Answer 4

shaft of bone

Question 5

endosteum

Answer 5

inner layer of bone

Question 6

cancellous bone

Answer 6

spongy bone
end of long bones, flat bones, and trabeculae

Question 7

trabeculae are laid down in response to ______

Answer 7

stress

Question 8

cortical bone

Answer 8

compact bone, dense, multiple layers, thin layer surrounding cancellous bone

Question 9

periosteum

Answer 9

tough fibrous layer surrounding bone, vascular and innervated
two layers: outer (fibrous layers), inner (holds fibrous layer to bone)

Question 10

sharpey’s fiber

Answer 10

pass through periosteum to attach ligaments and tendons directly onto bone

Question 11

what kind of tissue is cartilage

Answer 11

connective

Question 12

where is articular cartilage (hyaline)?

Answer 12

on joint surfaces, periosteum, becomes articular cartilage at the end of long bones

Question 13

function of articular cartilage

Answer 13

distributes loads over wide area, prevents friction and wear, not innervated

Question 14

where is fibrous cartilage found?

Answer 14

synovial joints (menisci, discs, labrum)

Question 15

function of fibrous cartilage

Answer 15

provides stability, assists with load distribution

Question 16

joint capsule

Answer 16

collagenous structure that encapsulates joints and contain movement

Question 17

two layers of joint capsule

Answer 17

1) fibrous outer layer attached to periosteum
2)synovial membrane inner layer which produces synovial fluid, highly vascular and innervated, contains more cells and less collagen

Question 18

plica

Answer 18

from fetal development
synovial membrane is broken into 3 compartments (sometimes they go away and sometimes they don’t)

Question 19

what kind of tissue are ligaments and tendons

Answer 19

fibrous connective

Question 20

what is a ligament

Answer 20

collagenous structure that attaches bone to bone

Question 21

two kinds of ligaments

Answer 21

joint capsule thickenings or distinct structures (specific functions, collagen is aligned to prevent movement)

Question 22

what is a tendon

Answer 22

collagenous structure that connects muscle to bone, more specific function that a ligament

Question 23

fascia

Answer 23

bond of fibrous connective tissue that binds muscle together

Question 24

bursae

Answer 24

pocket like accumulations of fluid found between tendon, muscle and bone

Question 25

fat pads

Answer 25

concentrations of synovial tissue

Question 26

synarthroses fibrous

Answer 26

fibrous (sutures in the skull, gomphoses in the teeth)

Question 27

syndesmoses

Answer 27

a joint in which the bones are united by a ligament or a sheet of fibrous tissue (distal tib-fib)

Question 28

synarthoses cartilaginous

Answer 28

symphasis (pubic rami)

Question 29

diarthroses (synovial joints)

Answer 29

joint capsule, joint cavity, synovial tissue and fluid, hyaline cartilage

Question 30

types of diathrodial joints

Answer 30

uniaxial (hinge and pivot joints) biaxial (condyloid and saddle) triaxial/multiaxial (plane and ball and socket)

Question 31

three planes of movement

Answer 31

sagittal frontal transverse

Question 32

osteokinematics

Answer 32

movement of the bones relative to one another

Question 33

sagittal plane motion

Answer 33

flexion/extension

Question 34

transverse plane motion

Answer 34

internal and external rotation

Question 35

arthrokinematic motion

Answer 35

joint motion (rolling, gliding, spinning)

Question 36

joint motion - rolling

Answer 36

the direction in which the joint surface rolls in the same as the bone is moving

Question 37

joint motion - gliding

Answer 37

pure translation

Question 38

concave on convex - roll and glide occur in the ___ direction

Answer 38

same

Question 39

convex on concave - roll and glide occur in the ______ direction

Answer 39

opposite

Question 40

joint motion - spin

Answer 40

internal and external rotation

Question 41

goniometry

Answer 41

measurement of joint angles

Question 42

goniometry measures ____ motion

Answer 42

osteokinematic

Question 43

active range of motion

Answer 43

patient is moving the body part

Question 44

passive range of motion

Answer 44

PT is moving the body part

Question 45

resisted range of motion

Answer 45

patient moves the body part against resistance

Question 46

factors that affect range of motion

Answer 46

muscle length, joint capsule or ligament restriction, loose body within a joint

Question 47

universal goniometers

Answer 47

standard clinical measuring tools

Question 48

gravity dependent goniometers (inclinometers)

Answer 48

used primarily with the spine

Question 49

electrogonimeters

Answer 49

used in research

Question 50

arms of the goniometer are commonly aligned ______ to the ______ axis of the moving bones

Answer 50

parallel longitudinal

Question 51

fulcrum of the goniometer is aligned over the _______

Answer 51

joint axis