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immunology 1 > intro inflammation and immunity > Flashcards

intro inflammation and immunity Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three R’s of immune system function?

A
  • Recognize non self
  • Respond to the threat
  • Remember for quicker response in the future
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2
Q

what are antigens?

A

-foreign proteins that stimulate an immune response

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3
Q

what are antibodies?

A

-immuno-reactive protein made in response to exposure to a foreign antigen

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4
Q

what is a pathogen?

A

-disease causing microorganism

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5
Q

where are B lymphocytes born and where do they mature?

A

-born and go to school in bone marrow

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6
Q

where are T lymphocytes born and where do they mature?

A
  • born in bone marrow

- go to school in thymus

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7
Q

what do B-Cells do?

A

-they are plasma cells that make antibodies specific to each antigen

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8
Q

what are the two types of T cells?

A
  • Cytotoxic lymphocytes

- T-helper cells

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9
Q

what type of T-cell is CD-8?

A
  • cytotoxic

- kill things

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10
Q

what type of T-cell is CD-4?

A
  • T-helper

- regulate immune response

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11
Q

what T-cell is considered the traffic cop of the immune system?

A

T-helper lymphocytes

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12
Q

what does CD-4 count help determine?

A
  • damage from AIDs

- lower count means bad

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13
Q

what are the two kinds of phagocytes?

A
  • macrophages

- neutrophils

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14
Q

what do macrophages and neutrophils have in common?

A

-both ingest pathogens and cellular debris

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15
Q

which phagocyte presents antigens to lymphocytes?

A

macrophages

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16
Q

which phagocyte kills itself after ingesting pathogens?

A

neutrophils

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17
Q

in general, what is the first line of defense?

A
  • non specific

- chemical or physical barriers

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18
Q

in general, what is the second line of defense?

A
  • non specific

- cellular level

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19
Q

in general, what is the third line of defense?

A
  • specific

- immunity

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20
Q

what lines of defense are innate and which are adaptive?

A
  • lines 1 and 2 are innate

- line 3 is adaptive

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21
Q

what are the characteristics of innate immunity?

A
  • natural resistance youre born with
  • non-specific
  • non-inducible
  • no memory produced
  • acts early in immune response
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22
Q

what are the characteristics of adaptive immunity?

A
  • responds less rapid, but more effective
  • specific
  • inducible
  • shows memory
  • shows self tolerance(will not attach itself)
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23
Q

what is it called if the adaptive immunity is not self-tolerable?

A

auto immunity

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24
Q

What are the three main components of first line?

A
  1. Skin-physical and chemical
  2. Digestive-more chemical with HCL
  3. Respiratory-hair and mucus
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25
Q

what bacteriolytic agent do tears contain? sweat?

A
  • tears:lysozyme

- Sweat:dermcidin

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26
Q

what two things are dual non-specific and specific roles?

A
  • phagocytes (macrophages only)

- complement proteins

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27
Q

what things are included in the second line of defense?

A
  • inflammatory response
  • phagocytosis
  • antimicrobial proteins
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28
Q

which phagocyte activates immunity?

A

macrophages

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29
Q

what do complement proteins do?

A

-coat invaders to attract phagocytes

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30
Q

which complement protein pathway is specific? non-specific?

A

Alternate pathway-non specific

classical pathway-specific

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31
Q

what are the five steps of inflammation?

A
  1. initial phagocytosis
  2. capillaries dilate and become more permeable
  3. foreign matter contained
  4. more leukocytes migrate to area
  5. Leukocytes clean infection
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32
Q

what are the four hallmarks of inflammation?

A
  • Rubor(redness)
  • Calor(heat)
  • Tumor(swelling)
  • Dolor (pain)
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33
Q

which hallmarks of inflammation are due to histamine?

A
  • rubor
  • calor
  • tumor
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34
Q

what induces dolor?

A

-neural receptors are stimulated by kinins

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35
Q

what is chemotaxis?

A

-cytokines cause cells to move from blood to tissues

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36
Q

when do neutrophils arrive?

A
  • rapid response

- within 1 hour

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37
Q

when do macrophages arrive?

A
  • within 10 hours

- have to migrate to tissues

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38
Q

what is another term for macrophages?

A
  • APC

- antigen presenting cells

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39
Q

what are considered tissue macrophages?

A
  • tonsils
  • spleen
  • nodes
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40
Q

where do cytokines travel to? what do they stimulate?

A
  • travel to the bone marrow

- stimulate production of lymphocytes to come replace the neutropils that are killing themselves

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41
Q

cytokines increase the number of WBC by how much?

A

4-5 times

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42
Q

what would a high WBC count indicate?

A

-inflammation or trauma

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43
Q

what triggers phagocytes to release cytokines>

A

attachment of antigen to phagocytes

44
Q

what is the primary action of interleukins and TNF?

A

communication between white blood cells

45
Q

what is the primary action of ILs and TNFs in the hypothalamus? how is the process mediated?

A
  • fever

- prostaglandins

46
Q

what is the function of IL-6?

A
  • fever

- induces acute-phase proteins from liver

47
Q

what is the function og TNF-alpha?

A
  • fever

- mobilization of shock

48
Q

what is the function of IL-1?

A
  • fever

- production of IL-6

49
Q

what are CRPs?function?

A
  • c-reactive proteins

- bind to bacterial surface, opsonize bacteria and activate complement.

50
Q

what is ESR?

A

-how fast RBC settle out?

51
Q

what are the two things measured to determine inflammation?

A
  1. CRP

2, ESF

52
Q

what do complement proteins do?

A
  • poke holes in bacteria via membrane attack complex (MAC attack)
  • stimulate histamine release
  • chemotaxis (scent for phagocytes)
  • opsinization (increase eating)
53
Q

what are the key players of the third line?

A
  • macrophages

- lymphocytes

54
Q

what does Th (CD4) do?

A

regulate the immune system

55
Q

what does Tc (CD8) do?

A
  • kill cells

- organ rejection

56
Q

what do antibodies to?

A

-mark specific antigen for destruction

57
Q

how many antibodies can each B cell make?

A

1

58
Q

how many epitopes does an antigen have?

A

-many

59
Q

what are the functions of antibodies?

A
  1. Neutralize and agglutinate antigens
  2. tag invaders for phagocytosis
  3. activate complement
  4. enhance natural killer cell activity
60
Q

what is the largest antibody?

A

IgM

61
Q

which antibody is very specific?

A

IgG

62
Q

which antibody crosses the placenta?

A

IgG

63
Q

which antibody is the least specific?

A

IgM

64
Q

which two antibodies activate complements?

A

IgM

IgG

65
Q

which antibody is involved in secondary immune response?

A

IgG

66
Q

which antibody is involved in primary immune response?

A

IgM

67
Q

which antibody would you look for if you were recenty exposed to something? when you were exposed a while aho?

A

recent: IgM

a while: IgG

68
Q

which antibody is antiparasitic? deals with worms and allergies

A

IgE

69
Q

which antibody crosses mucosal surfaces and is important for newborns?

A

IgA

70
Q

what is the predominant antibody in the blood?

A

IgG

71
Q

which antibody reacts with basophils and mast cells?

A

IgE

72
Q

why is HIV so devastating?

A

it specifically targets CD4 (the immune system traffic cop)

-all other things are functional, but without the traffic cop, it does not matter

73
Q

primary immune response is primarily associated with what antibody?

A

IgM

74
Q

what is the viral window?

A

period of time you have a pathogen without antibodies to stop it

75
Q

how long does it take for the primary immune response to start?

A

about 2 weeks after first exposure

76
Q

is the antibody in the primary immune response long lived?

A

nope.

77
Q

are the symptoms of the illness present during the primary immune response or the secondary response?

A

the primary response!!!

78
Q

what cells produce antibodies?

A

plasma cells!

-b cells dont produce antibodies until they become plasma cells

79
Q

the secondary immune response is in response to what?

A

subsequent exposures

80
Q

secondary immune response is usually what antibody?

A

IgG

81
Q

how long does it take for secondary immune response to occur? what is the exception?

A
  • hours to days.

- allergic reactions are the exception because they take place in minutes

82
Q

the secondary immune response occurs due to what?

A

memory cells

83
Q

which immune response is greater and more prolonged?

A

secondary immune response

84
Q

if you wanted to tell if it was an acute or past illness, which antibody would you measure?

A

IgM

85
Q

if you have an allergic response, could it be the first time you have been exposed to it?

A

no! that is a secondary immune response so you would have had to have been exposed before.

86
Q

what is active immunity?

A
  • subject actively produces their own antibodies

- requires exposure to infectious agent (antigen)

87
Q

what is natural active immunity?

A

getting a natural infection

88
Q

what is artificial active immunity?

A

immunization with altered agent or it’s antigens

89
Q

is getting an immunization always active artificial?

A

nope. could be active or passive

90
Q

what is passive immunity?

A

subject receives exogenous antibodies

-does not confer long-term immunity

91
Q

what is natural passive immunity?

A

mother-child

  • IgG can cross the placenta
  • IgA can go through Breast milk
92
Q

what is artificial passive immunity?

A

immunization with antibodies

93
Q

when would you get a passive artificial immunization?

A

when you get bit by a snake and need immediate attention

94
Q

when would you get active and passive artificial immunizations?

A

RABIES

95
Q

name the three hazards of immunity?

A
  • inadvertent injury to the host
  • development of autoimmunity
  • hypersensitivity reactions
96
Q

what antibodies are in blood?

A

IgM so it can’t cross the placenta

-that way if the baby has a different blood type the moms won’t attack it

97
Q

what is immune privilege?

A

area that can tolerate some antigens without eliciting an immune response
-these areas usually cannot tolerate inflammation

98
Q

what types of hypersensitivity reactions are antibody mediated? cell mediated?

A

antibody mediated: allergy, cytotoxic, immune response

Cell mediated: delayed

99
Q

what is the clinical presentation of allergy/immediate hypersensitivity reaction?

A
  • anaphylaxis
  • atopy
  • asthma
  • hives
  • hay fever
100
Q

what is the mechanism for allergy hypersensitivity reaction?

A

-allergen cross links IgE and triggers degranulation

101
Q

what is the clinical presentation of cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction?

A
  • transfusion reaction
  • immune hemolytic anemia
  • graves disease
102
Q

what antibody is associated with cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction?

A

IgG

103
Q

what is the mechanism for cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction?

A

complement activating antibodies bind to cell and trigger lysis

104
Q

what is the clinical presentation of immune complex hypersensitivity reaction? when is the onset?

A
  • serum sickness
  • poststrep pee blood
  • 2-8 hours
105
Q

what is the clinical presentation of delayed hypersensitivity reaction? when is the onset?

A
  • TB skin test
  • 24-72 hours

-mechanism: sensitized lymphocytes (cell mediated)

immunology 1 (2 decks)

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