Intro, IFC, Premod, TENS

Question 1

Electrotherapy indications

Answer 1

pain management
improve range of motion
muscle contraction
relaxation of muscle spasms
medication delivery
wound healing
edema reduction
increase circulation
neuromuscular re-education
fracture healing

Question 2

Ohm’s Law formula

Answer 2

I=V/R
I=intensity
V=volts
R=resistance

Question 3

Types of tissues that are resistors or conductors

Answer 3

Resistors=skin, fat, bone, tendons, and fascia

Conductors=nerves, blood, and muscle

Question 4

ways to improve conductivity

Answer 4

cleaning treatment area, shaving, hot pack

Question 5

proton

Answer 5

positively charged particles

Question 6

Electron

Answer 6

negatively charged particle

Question 7

neutrons

Answer 7

neutral particles

Question 8

molecules

Answer 8

2 or more atoms that combined

Question 9

atom

Answer 9

smallest part of an element

Question 10

charged atoms or molecules are called…

Answer 10

ions

Question 11

positively charged ions…

Answer 11

cations

Question 12

negatively charged ions…

Answer 12

anions

Question 13

Current is the rate of flow of charged particles - ions and measured in …

Answer 13

amps

Question 14

many modalities use very low amps called…

Answer 14

milliamps

Question 15

An area of intense charge ….

Answer 15

pole

Question 16

a negatively charge pole is called…

Answer 16

cathode

Question 17

a positively charged pole is called…

Answer 17

anode

Question 18

DC…

Answer 18

Direct current (DC) is defined as the continuous unidirectional flow of charged particles for at least 1 second. DC is also referred to as Galvanic current.

Question 19

What modality uses DC?

Answer 19

Isontopheresis

Question 20

AC…

Answer 20

Alternating current (AC) is defined as the continuous or uninterrupted bidirectional flow of charged particles for at least 1 second. In other words, AC requires the current to alternate between a positive and negative polarity without interruption for at least 1 second.

Question 21

PC…

Answer 21

Pulsed Current (PC) is defined as the unidirectional or bidirectional flow of charged particles for less than 1 second before being interrupted by a brief period of no flow. Unidirectional PC is often confused with DC. Bidirectional PC is often confused with AC. However, PC is distinctly different than DC or AC because the waveform lasts less than 1 second before a period of no flow. most common current used example is TENS.

Question 22

Mono-phasic

Answer 22

Monophasic Waveforms are unidirectional with one phase – either positive or negative.

Question 23

biphasic

Answer 23

Biphasic Waveforms are bidirectional with two phases – one positive and the other negative.

Question 24

polyphasic

Answer 24

Polyphasic Waveforms are composed of three or more phases.

Question 25

Neuron is....

Answer 25

one cell in a chain that makes up a nerve

Question 26

the Cell body

Answer 26

contains the nucleus which holds the genetic DNA material.

Question 27

dendrites...

Answer 27

are branches which function as the antennae of the neuron receiving information from other neurons. “Dendrite” is derived from the Greek word for “tree.”

Question 28

The axon is....

Answer 28

a long, slender nerve fiber which transmits electrical impulses called action potentials to distant sites in the nervous system.

Question 29

Axons form...

Answer 29

connections called synapses with dentrites of other neurons. There is a gap at each synapse between the axon and dendrite called a synaptic cleft

Question 30

Sensory nerves

Answer 30

enter the spinal cord on the posterior or dorsal side of the spinal cord.

Question 31

Motor nerves

Answer 31

enter the spinal cord on the anterior or ventral side of the spinal cord.

Question 32

afferent nerves

Answer 32

Sensory nerves are called afferent nerves since the nerve fibers are ascending from the periphery to the central nervous system

Question 33

efferent nerves

Answer 33

Motor nerves are called since the nerve fibers exit the central nervous system to the periphery. Think of the letter “A” for afferent and ascend (to the brain). Think of the letter “E” for efferent and exit (from the brain).

Question 34

types of nerve fiber

Answer 34

Sensory fibers are afferent fibers that transmit action potentials from the periphery to the central nervous system (Figure 3-5). Sensory nerves are transmitted by Aβ fibers and produce a sensation frequently described as tingling. Motor fibers are efferent fibers which transmit action potentials from the central nervous system to periphery. Motor nerves produce muscle contractions.

Question 35

Pain fibers

Answer 35

are stimulated by pain receptors called nociceptors. Pain fibers are afferent fibers that transmit action potentials from the periphery to the central nervous system to produce a sensation of pain (Figure 3-6). Sharp pain is transmitted by Aδ fibers. δ is the Greek symbol Delta. Dull pain is transmitted by C fibers.

Question 36

amplitude

Answer 36

is the intensity of the current.

Question 37

Amplitude Duration Curve

Answer 37

the patient will experience sensory, motor, and pain in this order as the intensity of the current is increased.

Question 38

The Gate Control Theory was developed by

Answer 38

Melzack and Wall in 1965

Question 39

The Gate Control Theory

Answer 39

The theory is that action potentials from the Aδ & C fibers (pain) and Aβ fibers (touch) both synapse onto neurons called T cells. T cells are located in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord (Figure 3-8). T cells sum all of the inputs from their dendrites – both inputs about pain and inputs about touch. The T cells then determine which of these inputs should be forwarded to the thalamus in the brain. The thalamus is the sensory relay station of the brain; the thalamus distributes sensory signals to different areas of the brain, which then interpret the sensory signals. This interpretation is affected by psychological factors such as past experiences, emotion, and attention.

Question 40

Endogenous opiates

Answer 40

are types of neurotransmitters that inhibit the perception of pain.

Question 41

carrier frequency

Answer 41

The frequencies on Channel 1 and Channel 2 are called the carrier frequencies.

Question 42

Beat frequency

Answer 42

The difference between these two carrier frequencies is called the beat frequency.

Question 43

IFC

Answer 43

Interferential current

Question 44

premod

Answer 44

premodulation

Question 45

default high frequency (IFC)

Answer 45

the default high frequency is between 80 and 150 Hz. In other words, the frequency for Channel 2 cycles between 4080 and 4150 Hz.

Question 46

defaulty low frequency

Answer 46

default low frequency is between 0 and 10 Hz. In other words, the frequency for Channel 2 cycles between 4000 and 4010 Hz. The machine modulates the beat frequency through a given range to prevent the body from accommodating to a single beat frequency.

Question 47

IFC target

Answer 47

focus on smaller intence area

Question 48

IFC sweep

Answer 48

broader area of treatment

Question 49

TENS

Answer 49

transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

Question 50

TENS treatment time

Answer 50

30 mins - 24 hrs

Question 51

pulse width aka

Answer 51

pulse duration

Question 52

pulse width/pulse duration measured in...

Answer 52

microseconds

Question 53

Frequency, also known as rate, is measured in ...

Answer 53

Hz (cycles persecond)

Question 54

For a pulsed current, these cycles are interrupted so the frequency may be referred to as Hz or pulses per second (pps).

Answer 54

FYI

Question 55

Modulation is recommended for patients who...

Answer 55

have developed a tolerance to the signal.

Question 56

Intensity, also known as

Answer 56

amplitude

Question 57

amplitude is measured in ...

Answer 57

milliamps (mA). The intensity is increased to the highest comfortable level. For many TENS units, the intensity is adjustable from 0 mA to 80 mA. 80mA corresponds to the number 8 on the intensity dial.

Question 58

Conventional Mode

Answer 58

(High Frequency TENS)

Question 59

Acupuncture Mode

Answer 59

(Low Frequency TENS)

Question 60

Burst Mode

Answer 60

Burst Mode may be selected based on patient comfort