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Urinary > Intro, Gross Anatomy and Histology > Flashcards

Intro, Gross Anatomy and Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What structures make up the urinary system?

A

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra

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2
Q

Why is the urinary system important?

A

It removes metabolic waste, regulates plasma electrolytes and blood pressure, helps to stabilise pH, reabsorbs small molecules (amino acids, glucose and peptides) and produces erythropoietin (stimulates RBC production)

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3
Q

How are the kidneys peritonised?

A

Retroperitoneal

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4
Q

At what level do the kidneys lie?

A

T12-L3

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5
Q

Which kidney lies lower and why?

A

Right: due to the position of the liver

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6
Q

Are kidney surgeries normally done from the anterior or the posterior?

A

Posterior

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7
Q

Which nerves lie posterior to the kidneys and could be damaged during surgery?

A

Subcostal, iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal

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8
Q

What structures surround the kidneys (from inside to out)?

A

Renal capsule > perirenal fat > renal fascia > pararenal fat

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9
Q

What structures make up the internal structure of the kidneys (from cortex to ureter)

A

Medulla > pyramid > papilla > minor calyx > major calyx > pelvis > ureter

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10
Q

What is the 1st constriction of the ureter

A

When the ureter passes over the inferior renal pole

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11
Q

What is the 2nd constriction of the ureter?

A

When the ureter crosses over the external iliac vessels

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12
Q

What is the 3rd constriction of the ureter?

A

Ureter transverses the bladder wall

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13
Q

Which arteries supply the ureter?

A

Renal, ovarian/testicular and abdominal aorta

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14
Q

Which veins drain the ureter?

A

Renal and ovarian/testicular veins

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15
Q

Which structures enter the hilum of the kidney from anterior to posterior?

A

Vein > Artery > Pelvis

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16
Q

Which arteries supply the kidneys?

A

Renal arteries which split into five branches which supply the segments of the kidneys

17
Q

What are the five segments of the kidneys?

A

Apical, anterosuperior, anteroinferior, posterior and inferior

18
Q

What is the venous drainage of the kidneys?

A

Renal veins (1 on each side) which drain into the IVC

19
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the kidneys?

A

Lateral aortic lymph nodes

20
Q

What is the nerve supply to the kidneys?

A

Renal plexus:
Sympathetic - T10-L1
Sensory Afferent - T11-L2

21
Q

What embryological structure is the median umbilical ligament a remnant of?

A

Urachus

22
Q

What embryological structure are the medial umbilical folds a remnant of?

A

Occluded umbilical artery

23
Q

What embryological structure are the two lateral umbilical folds a remnant of?

A

Inferior epigastric vessels

24
Q

Which sphincter controls the release of urine from the urethra?

A

External urethral sphincter

25
Q

What are the parts of the male urethra?

A

Preprostatic, prostatic, intermediate/ membranous and spongy/penile

26
Q

Which part of the male urethra is the longest?

A

Spongy/penile

27
Q

Which nerve supplies the voluntary control of the sphincter urethrae?

A

Pudendal nerve

28
Q

Which part of the mal urethra does the vas deferens open into?

A

Prostatic

29
Q

Which type of nerve fibres constrict the detrusor muscle during micturition (urination)?

A

Parasympathetic fibres

30
Q

Which type of nerve fibres constrict the internal urethral sphincter during ejaculaton?

A

Sympathetic fibres

31
Q

Which is the narrowest part of the urethra in a male?

A

Membranous

32
Q

Which vertebral level does the transpyloric plane run through?

A

L1

33
Q

Which structures make up a nephron?

A

Renal corpuscle + renal tubules

34
Q

Which structures make up a renal corpuscle?

A

Glomerulus + bowmen’s capsule

35
Q

Which structures make up a uniferous tubule?

A

Nephron + collecting duct

36
Q

What features of the cortex of the kidney that can be seen in histology?

A

Renal corpuscles, proximal/distal convoluted tubules (cuboidal) and collecting tubule

37
Q

What features of the medulla of the kidney can be seen in the histology?

A

Proximal/distal convoluted tubules, loop of Henle (squamous epithelium) and the collecting tubule

38
Q

What features of the ureter can be seen in the histology?

A

Transitional epithelium, star shaped lumen, inner longitudinal smooth muscle and outer circular smooth muscle

39
Q

What features of the bladder can be seen in the histology?

A

Transitional epithelium, inner longitudinal smooth muscle, middle circular smooth muscle and outer longitudinal

Urinary (9 decks)

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