Intro epi

Question 1

Epidemiology

Answer 1

Study of how disease distributed in populations, and factors that influence or determine this distribution.

Question 2

Objectives of epidemiology

Answer 2

1. Determine burden of disease in a population
2. Identify etiology/cause of dz and relevant risk factors
3. Study natural history and prognosis of dz
4. Eval preventative and therapeutic measures and modes of health care delivery
5. Provide foundation for developing public policy regarding dz prevention and health promotion

Question 3

Primary prevention

Answer 3

Preventing initial development of disease.

IE: vaccination, reducing exposure to risk factor

Question 4

Secondary prevention

Answer 4

Early detection of existing disease to reduce severity and complications.
IE: Screening for disease

Question 5

Tertiary prevention

Answer 5

Reducing impact of the disease.

IE: Treatment, rehab

Question 6

Objectives of epidemiology

Answer 6

1. Determine burden of disease in a population
2. Identify the etiology or cause of dz and the relevant risk factors
3. To study natural history and prognosis of dz
4. To evaluate preventative and therapeutic measures and modes of health care delivery
5. Provide foundation for developing public policy regarding dz prevention and health promotion

Question 7

The practice of medicine is dependent on

Answer 7

Population data

Question 8

Pyramid of increasing evidence strength

Answer 8

From top of pyramid:

1. Systematic review/meta-analysis
2. Randomized Controlled Trial
3. Cohort
4. Case Control
5. Cross Sectional
6. Case reports and series
7. Ideas, opinions, editorials
8. Animal Research
9. Invitro ‘test tube’ research

Question 9

Epidemiologic triad of desase

Answer 9

Host-vector

Vector-Agent and Environment

Question 10

Host factors of dz transmission

Answer 10

Age
Sex
Breed
Immune status

Question 11

Agent factors of dz transmission

Answer 11

Biologic
-bacteria
Chemical
-poison
Physical
-trauma
Nutritional
-lack
-excess

Question 12

Environmental factors of dz transmission

Answer 12

Temperature
Humidity
Altitude
Housing
Water
Food
Air Pollution

Question 13

Modes of disease transmission

Answer 13

Direct: animal-animal/person-person
Indirect
-water
-air
-vector

Question 14

Carrier status

Answer 14

• Harbor disease organism but not infected judged by serology (no antibody response) or clinical illness
• Can still infect others
• Status as carrier can be limited or long duration

Question 15

Endemic

Answer 15

AKA enzootic

Disease agent normally present in regular frequency

Question 16

Epidemic

Answer 16

AKA epizootic

Increase in disease from what’s normal

Question 17

Pandemic

Answer 17

World-wide epidemic

Question 18

Characteristics of disease outbreaks

Answer 18

• Common vehicle exposure: Single vs multiple exposure
• Periodic contamination
• Continuous contamination

Question 19

Amount of disease in a population depends on

Answer 19

balance between susceptible (non-immune) and non-susceptible (immune) people, animals.

Question 20

Herd Immunity

Answer 20

Resistance of a group to attack by disease to which a large proportion of members are immune

Question 21

Herd Immunity assumes

Answer 21

Random mixing

Question 22

Herd immunity operates optimally when

Answer 22

populations are constantly mixing together

Question 23

Reproduction ration

Answer 23

The amount of cases one diseased individual causes.

Question 24

Incubation period

Answer 24

Interval from receipt of infection to time of clinical illness

Question 25

Epidemic curve

Answer 25

Useful in a disease outbreak to determine median incubation period.

Question 26

Attack rate

Answer 26

Number of ind. at risk and who develop disease divided by total number at risk
(at risk and diseased/total at-risk population)
-Used in acute dz outbreak

Question 27

Incidence rate

Answer 27

Time of exposure is taken into consideration