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Endocrine > Intro Endocrine Physiology > Flashcards

Intro Endocrine Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 types/groups of hormone?

A

peptide - protein
lipid
non-peptide AA-based

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2
Q

Name 2 outcomes of a hormone binding a receptor?

A

Activate 2nd messenger

transcription

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3
Q

How is hormone activity terminated?

A

Hormone-Receptor complex is endocytosed and degraded by proteosomes and lyzosomes

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4
Q

Describe the hormone hierarchy

A

hypothalamus - release/inhibit horomones
pituitary - trophic horomones
+/- endocrine gland: final hormones
to target cell

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5
Q

Name the hormones released by the hypothalamus

A 
GNRH
CRH
TRH
GHRH
Somatostatin
da
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6
Q

Hormones of anterior pituitary.

Posterior?

A

ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, GH, Prolaction

Vasopressin(ADH), oxytocin

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7
Q

Hormones of the thyroid

A

T3, T4, Calcitonin

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8
Q

Name the hormones of the adrenal gland?

A

cortisol, aldosterone, androgens, estrogens, epinepherine

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9
Q

What hormones do the ovaries make?

A

Estradiol, progesterone

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10
Q

Where are oxytocin and ADH synthesized?

A

hypothalamic neurons, then stored in posterior pituatary

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11
Q

Describe the difference in response time between the posterior and anterior axis of the pituatary

A

Posterior - stored protein hormones released - fast response

Anterior - hormones have to be produced, then steroid hormones released to a 3rd endocrine organ - slow process

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12
Q

What type of feedback is used to regulate hormones?

A

Negative feedback

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13
Q

Describe the progression of peptide-protein hormone synthesis and secretion

A

pre-prohormone is cleaved in RER to prohormone. Golgi cleaves it to mature. Hormone is packaged into secretory granules. via stimulus it fuses with plasma membrane and is released

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14
Q

How are steroid hormones made?

A

made from cholesterol via enzymes in mitochondria and SER - are secreted immediatley

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15
Q

What 3 enzymes make eicosanoid hormones?

A

COX 1 and 2- prostaglandins, thromboxanes
Lipoxygenases - leukotrienes
Cytochrome p450 - epoxides

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16
Q

What type of receptors are used for each type of hormone?

A

Peptide - protein - cell surface receptors
steroid - cytosolic or nuclear receptors
eicasonids - GPTC-receptors
amines - GPCR, nuclear receptors, or protein receptors

17
Q

What are the 3 main groups of amine hormones?

A

catecholamines
thyroid hormones
tryptophan hormones

18
Q

How are receptors downregulated?

A

By a decrease in receptor #’s or increase in hormonal degradation

19
Q

ADH function and source

A

Retain water

produced in V2 cells of pos. pituitary

20
Q

What is GHRH fucntion and source

A

Stimulates GH

From Somatotroph cells of ant. pituatary

21
Q

What is ACTH function and source?

A

Stimulates cortisol, source is zona fasiculata of adrenal cortex

22
Q

What are the functions of LH?

A

W - follicular maturation and ovulatoin

M - testosterone production and spermatogenesis

23
Q

What are the functions of FSH?

A

W - follicular development

M - spermatogenesis

24
Q

What are the functions of PTH?

A

increase serum Ca+2
PTH-1: kidney, bones
PTH-2: CNS, bones, kidneys

25
Q

What are the functions of Calcitonin?

A

decrease serum Ca+2 , receptors in CNS, bones, kidneys, intestines

26
Q

What is the function and source of epinephrine?

A

glycogenolysis, adrenal medulla

27
Q

What type of receptors do estrogen and progesterone bind?

A

homodimer with 2 hormones and 2 receptors required for activation -> act as transcription factor

28
Q

Describe the receptor complex for thyroid hormone and active Vit. D

A

unliganded RXR heterodimer (2 complexes 1 binds hormone and other does not)

29
Q

In steroid signalling: hormone dissociates, enters the cells and does what?

A

binds cytoplasmic receptor, goes to nucleus, forms dimer, and acts as transcription factor

30
Q

Which receptor is a target for type II DM?

A

PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor) nuclear superfamily receptor

31
Q

What are the two elimination “fates” of hormones?

A
  1. oxidized to a metabolite
  2. glucuronidated into stable adjunct

then to bile by liver or urine by kidney

32
Q

Why are hormones secreted in a pulsatile manner instead of continuous?

A

decrease desensitization, continuous can downregulate receptor transcription and decrease signalling response

33
Q

Describe the ways multiple hormones can interact

A

synergistic, antagonistic, permissive, additive

34
Q

What needs to happen for hormones to travel in the body?

A

attachment to specific/non-specific binding proteins

Endocrine (4 decks)

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