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Endo Repro 1 > Intro DSA > Flashcards

Intro DSA Flashcards

1
Q

What hormones does the pancreas secrete?

A

insulin and glucagon

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2
Q

What hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

NE and Epi

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3
Q

What hormones does the kidney secrete?

A

renin and vitamin D

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4
Q

What hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

cortisol, aldosterone, adrenal androgens

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5
Q

What hormones do the testes secrete?

A

testosterone

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6
Q

What hormones do the ovaries secrete?

A

estradiol and progesterone

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7
Q

What hormones does the corpus luteum secrete?

A

estradiol and progesterone

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8
Q

What hormones does the placenta secrete?

A

hCG, estriol, progesterone and hPL

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9
Q

What are amine hormones derived from?

A

tyrosine

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10
Q

What is a stimulus for protein/peptide hormones secretion?

A

increase in intracellular Ca and activation of GPCR, followed by cAMP and activation of PKA

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11
Q

Where are cholesterol hormones synthesized and secreted from?

A

adrenal cortex, gonads, corpus luteum

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12
Q

What are the two sources of cholesterol?

A

80% is taken up as LDL particles through receptor-mediated endocytosis, and the rest is synthesized from acetyl CoA

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13
Q

What are the genomic actions of steroid hormones?

A

modulate gene transcription by interaction with intracellular, nuclear receptors

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14
Q

What is the non-genomic action of steroid hormones?

A

rapid action, specific receptor-mediated actions or direct steroid-membrane interactions

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15
Q

What are the two groups of amine hormones?

A

catecholamines: synthesized in cytosol and secretory granules, act thru cell-membrane associated receptors

thyroid hormones: synthesized by thyroid gland and stored as thyroglobulin in follicles, cross cell membrane and act thru nuclear receptors

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16
Q

What hormones are secreted from the hypothalamus?

A

TRH, CRH, GnRH, SRIF, PIF, GHRH

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17
Q

What is the action of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)?

A

stimulates TSH and prolactin

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18
Q

What is the action of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)?

A

stimulates secretion os ACTH

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19
Q

What is the action of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)?

A

stimulates secretion of LH and FSH

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20
Q

What is the action of somatostatin or somatotropin release-inhibiting factor (SRIF)?

A

inhibits secretion of growth hormone

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21
Q

What is the action of dopamine or prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIF)?

A

inhibits secretion of prolactin

NOTE: PIF considered an amine

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22
Q

What is the action of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)?

A

stimulates secretion of growth hormone

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23
Q

What hormones are secreted from the anterior pituitary gland?

A

TSH, FSH, LH, growth hormone, prolactin, ACTH, MSH

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24
Q

What is the action of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH?

A

stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones

25
Q

What is the action of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?

A

stimulated sperm maturation in Sertoli cells of testes, stimulated follicular development and estrogen synthesis in ovaries

26
Q

What is the action of lutenizing hormone (LH)?

A

stimulates testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells of testes, stimulates ovulation, formation of corpus luteum, estrogen and progesterone synthesis in ovaries

27
Q

What is the action of growth hormone?

A

stimulates protein synthesis and overall growth

28
Q

What is the action of prolactin?

A

stimulates milk production and secretion in breast

29
Q

What is the action of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

A

Stimulates synthesis and secretion of adrenal cortical hormones (cortisol, androgens and aldosterone)

30
Q

What is the action of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)?

A

stimulates melanin synthesis

31
Q

What hormones are secreted from the posterior pituitary gland?

A

oxytocin and ADH

32
Q

What is the action of oxytocin?

A

stimulates milk ejection from breasts and uterine contraction

33
Q

What is the action of vasopressin (ADH)?

A

stimulates water reabsorption in principal cells of collecting ducts and constriction of arterioles

34
Q

What hormones are secreted from the thyroid gland?

A

T3, T4 and calcitonin

35
Q

What is the action of triiodothyronine (T3) and L-thyroxine (T4)?

A

stimulates skeletal growth, oxygen consumption, heat production, protein fat and carbohydrate utilization, perinatal maturation of CNS

NOTE: T3/T4 considered amines

36
Q

What is the action of calcitonin?

A

decrease serum calcium

37
Q

What is the action of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A

increases serum calcium

38
Q

What hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex?

A

cortisol, aldosterone, DHEA and adrenal androgens

39
Q

What is the action of cortisol (glucocorticoid)?

A

stimulates gluconeogenesis, inhibits inflammatory response, suppresses immune response, enhances vascular responsiveness to catecholamines

40
Q

What is the action of aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)?

A

increases renal Na reabsorption, K secretion, H secretion

41
Q

What are the action of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione (adrenal androgens)

A

stimulates spermatogenesis, stimulates male secondary sex characteristics

42
Q

What is the action of testosterone?

A

stimulates spermatogenesis, stimulates male secondary sex characteristics

43
Q

What is the action of estradiol?

A

stimulates growth and development of female reproductive system, follicular phase of menstrual cycle, development of breasts, prolactin secretion, maintains pregnancy

44
Q

What is the action of progesterone?

A

stimulates luteal phase of menstrual cycle, maintains pregnancy

45
Q

What is the action of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)?

A

stimulates estrogen and progesterone synthesis in corpus luteum of early pregnancy

46
Q

What is the action of human placental lactogen (hPL), or human chorionic somatomammotropin?

A

has growth hormone-like and prolactin-like actions during pregnancy

47
Q

What is the action of Vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol)?

A

increase intestinal absorption of Ca, bone mineralization

48
Q

What are two examples of positive feedback mechanisms?

A

the menstrual cycle (estrogen), and delivery of a fetus (oxytocin)

49
Q

What are the two major inputs on the hypothalamus?

A
  1. suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN): imposes and circadian rhythm on the secretion of hypothalamic releasing hormones and endocrine axes
  2. pineal gland: releases melatonin which feeds back to SCN info about day/night
50
Q

What are the secondary messengers and effectors of adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase C?

A

adenylyl cyclase: cAMP -> PKA

phospholipase C: IP3/DAG/Ca -> PKC or calmodulin

51
Q

What is the E domain of a steroid hormone?

A

binding domain

52
Q

What is the C domain of a steroid hormone?

A

highly conserved, has 2 sinz fingers, responsible for DNA binding

53
Q

What are the primary messengers of guanylyl cyclase?

A

ANP, NO

ANP acts thru receptor with guanylyl cyclase activity
NO diffuses to cytosol and activates cytosolic guanylyl cyclase

54
Q

What is the secondary messenger and effector of guanylyl cyclase?

A

cGMP -> PKG

55
Q

Which hormones use the adenyl cyclase (cAMP) mechanism?

A

ACTH, LH, FSH, TSH, ADH, hCG, MSH, CRH, calcitonin, PTH, glucagon, B1 and B2 receptors

56
Q

Which hormones use the PLC (IP3/Ca) mechanism?

A

GnRH, TRH, GHRH, angiotensin 2, ADH, oxytocin, a1 receptors

57
Q

Which hormones use the tyrosine kinase mechanism?

A

insulin, IGF-1, growth hormone, prolactin

58
Q

Which hormones use the guanylate cyclase (cGMP) mechanism?

A

ANP, NO

Endo Repro 1 (6 decks)

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