Intro - Chemical Level Flashcards
Gross Anatomy
studies the structure of organ systems
Systemic Anatomy
the study of general form and superficial markings
Regional Anatomy
Focuses on the anatomical organization of a specific area of the body.
Developmental Anatomy
it describes the changes in form that occur between conception and physical maturity.
Clinical Anatomy
medical anatomy, Radiographic, surgical anatomy
Microscopic Anatomy
studies structures that are not visible to the naked eye and need magnification.
pathological
Cytology
analysis of the internal structure of individual cells
Histology
examination of tissues, groups of specialized cells.
What is anatomical position?
Standing with hands at the side and the palms facing forward. That thumbs are pointing away from the body.
What are the body planes?
The body planes are:
frontal or coronal plane: splits are person front and back
median (midsaggital) plane: splits a person left and right
transverse plane (cross section): up and down
What is homeostasis?
The ability of the human body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions (temperature, pH, fluid balance, etc)
How does the body control homeostasis?
Through negative and positive feedback mechanisms.
- Negative feedback causes the variable to change in the opposite direction. (Ex. Sweating to maintain body temperature)
- Positive feedback cause the variable to accelerate the change in the same direction. (Ex. Blood clotting)
What is a stimulus vs effector?
The stimulus also known as the receptor detects the change.
The effector makes the change if necessary based on the signal it receives.
What is MRI, CT, and PET scan?
MRI: (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues within the body
CT: (Computerized Tomography) a combination of X-rays and a computer to create pictures of your organs, bones, and other tissues.
PET: (Positron Emission Tomography) to spot a brain tumor
What are all the levels of organization?
- Atoms
- Molecules
- Organelles
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Organ System
- Organisms
Identify all organs located in the cranial- thoracic- abdominal- pelvic cavity.
Cranial cavity formed by bones if the skull
Thoracic cavity contains the heart, lungs, esophagus
The abdominal cavity contains the stomach, intestines, liver, kidney
The pelvic cavity contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
Integumentary system
Integumentary system: function to protect us from the outside world, environmental hazards
● Major Organs: skin, hair, sweats glands, nails
Skeletal System
Skeletal System: function provides protection and support for other tissues. Stores calcium and other minerals
● Major Organs: bones, cartilages, associated ligaments, bone marrow (makes blood cells)
Muscular System
Muscular System: provides movement, provides protection for internal organs
● Major Organs: skeletal muscles associated tendons
Nervous System
Nervous System: function main control system of our body. Directs immediate responses to stimuli.
● Major Organs: brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs.
Endocrine System
Endocrine System: controls metabolism and hormones.
● Major Organs: pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, suprarenal glands, gonad
Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System: pumps blood to the whole body. Distributes blood cells, water , nutrients including oxygen and carbon dioxide
● Major Organs:Heart, blood, blood vessels
Lymphoid System
Lymphoid System: defends against infection and diseases. Returns tissue fluids to blood stream.
● Major Organs: spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils
Respiratory System
Respiratory System: provides oxygen to the body. Removes carbon dioxide from our bloodstream
● Major Organs: lungs, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli, nasal cavities
Digestive System
Digestive System: processes and digests food. Absorb water and nutrients
● Major Organs: teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver gallbladder, pancreas
Urinary System
Urinary System: removes waste from the blood
● Major Organs: kidney, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Male Reproductive System
Male Reproductive System: produces male sex cells and hormones
● Major Organs: testes, epididymides, ducts deference, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, scrotum
Female Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System: produce female sex cells and hormones
● Major Organs: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, mammary glands
What is a compound?
A substance formed from two or more elements chemically linked
What is a molecule?
Is a group of atoms bonded together by chemical bonds
What is the difference between a compound and a molecule?
Molecules describe any atoms that are connected by chemical bonds. A compound is a molecule made of atoms from different elements.
All compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds.
What is the mass #?
The number of protons and neutrons
How do you calculate mass number?
Adding the number of protons and neutrons.
Can also be found in the periodic table
What are the subatomic particles?
Protons(+), electrons(-) and neutrons(have no charge)
What are the rules for the electron shell?
The last shell is always filled with 8 electrons. If any element has all its electrons filled in the last shell it is stable. If it doesn’t have all 8 electrons in the last shell, it is unstable. This will cause a chemical reaction to occur in order for the atom to get the 8 needed electrons.
What is an Isotope?
Atoms that contain the same number of protons but different number of neutrons.
How to stabilize the chemical behavior of an atom?
Have it react with another element in order for it to gain the 8 necessary electrons.
What is a polar-covalent bond?
Has an unequal sharing of electrons
What is a non-polar covalent?
Has an equal sharing of electrons
What is the difference between polar covalent and non-polar covalent bonds?
polar covalent have unequal sharing of electrons and the nonpolar covalent have equal sharing of electrons
What are all the types of chemical bonds? (Hint covered in class)
Covalent bonds: sharing one or more electron with another atom
- single covalent bond
- Double covalent bonds
- Triple covalent bonds
Hydrogen bonds: bonds between adjacent molecules. Maintain double helix structure of DNA.
Ionic bonds: losing or gaining one electrons
- Cations: electron donor
- Anions: electron acceptor
What is sodium bicarbonate?
NaHCO3
The body uses HCO3+ and H2CO3- to maintain pH levels
What are the properties of water?
Solubility: soluble in water
Reactivity: can react
Huge heat capacity: great ability to absorb and retain heat.
Lubrication and cushioning: forms cushion around certain body organs, helps protect the body from physical trauma
What is a catabolic reaction?
Makes a larger molecule into a smaller molecule. Breaking something down
What is an anabolic reaction?
Build up complex molecules from simpler ones
What is the difference between a catabolic reaction and an anabolic reaction?
Catabolic reaction breaks down large molecules into smaller ones. Anabolic reaction joins small molecules into larger molecules
What are amino acids?
Hydrocarbon chains. Chains of hydrogens and carbons.
How do amino acids bond to one another?
Hydrocarbon chain with amino acid and a carboxylic acid group linked by a central carbon with an hydrogen attached to it.
What is an amino group?
Nitrogen-containing functional groups found in organic molecules.
What is the structure of an amino group?
1 nitrogen atom and 2 hydrogen atoms\
NH2
What are proteins?
Chains of amino acids
How does your body use proteins?
Proteins are used for support, movement, transport (in and out), buffering (prevent dangerous changes in pH of cells and tissues), metabolic regulation, coordination and control, and defense
What is the primary structure of a protein?
Sequence of amino acids along the length of a single chain of amino acids.
What is the secondary structure of a protein?
Hydrogen bonds react with the hydrogens on another amino acid.
Alpha-helix beta-pleated sheet
What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
Complex coiling and folding that gives a protein its final tridimensional shape.
What is the quaternary structure of a protein?
Different tertiary structures combined together to form a protein complex
Where are proteins usually found in the body?
Found throughout the body
The most abundant organic compound
What is a glycoprotein?
Oligosaccharide chains (carbohydrate chain) covalently attached to proteins Cell surface
What is a proteoglycan?
Core protein covalently attached to one or more glycosaminoglycan chains (carbohydrate chain)
Connective tissue
What is the difference between a glycoprotein and a proteoglycan?
Glycoproteins are used in cell to cell recognition and signaling. Proteoglycan combine with collagen to form cartilage.
What is the function of an enzyme?
To speed up the chemical reaction in the human body
How does an enzyme interact with a substrate?
Is an anabolic reaction. Substrate bind to the active site of enzymes. Once bound, the substrates are held together. This binding alters the shape of the enzymes, and this change promotes product formation. Product detaches from enzymes.
What are all the different types of sugars?
Monosaccharides: 3 to 7 atoms of carbon
Disaccharides: 2 monosaccharides bonded together
Polysaccharides
How do you construct disaccharides?
Occurs through a dehydration synthesis reaction
What are the cells that store glucose (fat) called?
Adipose cells
What are the different types of lipids?
Fatty acids Eicosanoids Glycerides Steroids Glycolipids
What is the function of each type of lipid?
Fatty acids: energy source
Eicosanoids: lipid compounds released by cells to control cellular activity. Communicating and defense.
Glycerides: provide protection, insulation,
Steroids: provide structure and communication with the rest of the body. Regulate sexual functions.
Glycolipids: structural components of plasma membrane structure
Where are each type of lipid found?
Fatty acids: in foods Eicosanoids: found in tissues Glycerides: in structure of the cell Steroids: found in cells Glycolipids: surface of cell membrane
What are saturated fatty acids?
No double bonds in hydrocarbon chain
What are unsaturated fatty acids?
Do have a double bond in hydrocarbon chain
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
The double bonds which makes it more unstable.
What is needed to make a triglyceride molecule?
The glycerol backbone and the fatty acid chain
Why is omega 3 good in the human diet?
It reduces the risk of heart disease, arthritis, and other inflammatory diseases.
What molecules make up DNA?
DNA is made up of nucleotides (consist of nitrogenous base, penthouse sugar, phosphate group)
adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T)
A=T
G=C
What molecules makeup RNA?
adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U)
A=U
G=C
What molecules do DNA and RNA have in common?
Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C)
What molecules do DNA and RNA differ in?
RNA does not have thymine (T) is has uracil (U)
