intro chapter 1

Question 1

psychology

Answer 1

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Question 2

What process do scientists use to answer questions about behavior and mental processes?

Answer 2

scientific method

Question 3

Scientific method

Answer 3

The orderly systematic procedures that researchers follow as they identify a research problem, design a study to investigate the [problem, collect and analyze data, draw conclusions, and communicate their findings.

Question 4

theory

Answer 4

A general principle or set of principles proposed to explain how a number of separate facts are related.

Question 5

hypothisis

Answer 5

a prediction about a relationship between two or more variables

Question 6

replication

Answer 6

the process of repeating a study with different participants and preferably a different investigator to verify research findings.

Question 7

what are the goals of psychology?

Answer 7

To describe, explain, predict, and influence behavior and mental processes.

Question 8

description

Answer 8

describe behavior or mental process as accurately as possible.

Question 9

expanation

Answer 9

suggest causes for behavior or mental processes of interest

Question 10

prediction

Answer 10

specify conditions under which behavior or mental process is likely to occur

Question 11

influence

Answer 11

apply the results of a study to change a condition in order to bring about a desired real-world outcome or prevent an undesired real-world outcome

Question 12

basic research

Answer 12

research conducted to seek new knowledge and explore and advance general scientific understanding.

Question 13

applied research

Answer 13

research conducted specifically to solve practical problems and improve the quality of life.

Question 14

what role did Wundt and Titchener play in the founding of psychology

Answer 14

Wundt was the first to use the method of introspection. study the perception of a variety of visual, tactile, and auditory stimuli, including the rhythm patterns produced by metronomes set at different speeds.

Titchener gave the name structuralism to the first formal school of thought.

Question 15

structuralism

Answer 15

The first formal school of thought in psychology, which endeavored to analyze the basic elements, or structure, of conscious mental experience.

Question 16

functionalism

Answer 16

an early school of psychology that was concerned with how humans and animals use mental processes in adapting to their environment

Question 17

Why is functionalism important in the history of psychology?

Answer 17

Functionalism was concerned not with structure of consciousness, but with how mental processes function.

functionalism broadened the scope of psychology to include the study of behavior as well as mental processes. It also allowed the study of children, animals, and individuals with mental impairments, groups that could not be studied by the structuralist because they could not be

Question 18

In what ways have women and minorities shaped the field of psychology, both in the past and today?

Answer 18

Women should rear children and homemakers, and that minorities were best for manual labor. Women and minorities over came these prejudices to make notable achievements in and contributions to the study of psychology.

Question 19

Classify each of the following people and concepts as being associated with (a) Wundt, (b) structuralism and/or (c) functionalism. (hint: some items belong to more than one.)

__ (1) James
__ (2) based on Darwin’s theory of evolution
__ (3) stream of consciousness
__ (4) elements of experience
__ (5) Titchener
__ (6) introspection
__ (7) became prominent in the early 20th century

Answer 19

c (1) James
c (2) based on Darwin’s theory of evolution
c (3) stream of consciousness
a, b (4) elements of experience
b (5) Titchener
a, b (6) introspection
c (7) became prominent in the early 20th century

Question 20

Match each of the following individuals with his or her contribution to psychology.

__ (1) Francis Cecil Sumner a. first female president of the APA
__ (2) Mary Whiton Calkins b. conducted studies on cultural bias in intelligence testing
__ (3) Kenneth Clark c. first African American to earn a Ph. D in psychology
__ (4) Christine Ladd-Franklin d. studied the harmful effects of racial segregation
__ (5) George Sanchez e. had to wait 40 years to receive a Ph. D in psychology after completing all the requirements

Answer 20

c (1) Francis Cecil Sumner
a (2) Mary Whiton Calkins
d (3) Kenneth Clark
e (4) Christine Ladd-Franklin
b (5) George Sanchez

Question 21

behaviorism

Answer 21

The school of psychology founded by John B. Watson
that views observable, measurable behavior as the appropriate subject matter for psychology and emphasizws the key role of environment as a determinant of behavior.

Question 22

How do behaviorists explain behavior and mental processes?

Answer 22

behaviorist explain behavior and mental processes by analyzing the conditions that are present before a behavior occurs and then analyzing the consequences that follow the behavior.

Question 23

psychoanalysis

Answer 23

The term Freud used for both his theory of personality and his therapy for the treatment of psychological disorders; the unconscious is the primary focus of psychoanalytic theory.

Question 24

humanistic psychology

Answer 24

The school of psychology that focuses on thr uniqueness of human beings and their capacity for choice, growth, and psychological health.

Question 25

cognitive psychology

Answer 25

The school of psychology that views humans as active participants in their environment; studies mental processes such as memory, problem solving, reasoning, decision making, perception, language, and other forms of cognition.

Question 26

What do psychoanalytic psychologists believe about the role of the unconscious?

Answer 26

Freud believed that the unconscious is the storehouse for material that threatens the conscious life of the individual– disturbing sexual and aggressive impulses as well as traumatic experiences that have been repressed, or pushed down, the the unconscious.

Question 27

According to Maslow and Rogers, what motivates human behavior and mental process?

Answer 27

According to Maslow and Rogers, maintain that people are innately good and that they possess free will. Humanists believe that people are capable of making conscious, rational choices, which can lead to personal growth and psychological health.

Question 28

What is the focus of cognitive psychology?

Answer 28

The focus of cognitive psychology views humans not as passive recipients who are pushed and pulled by environmental forces, but as active participants who seek out experiences, who alter and shape those experiences, and who use mental processes to transform information in the course of their own cognitive development.

Question 29

gestalt psychology

Answer 29

The school of psychology that emphasizes that individuals perceive objects and patterns as whole units and that the perceived whole is more that the sum of its parts.

Question 30

information-processing theory

Answer 30

An approach to the study of mental structures and processes that uses the computer as a model for human thinking.

Question 31

evolutionary psychology

Answer 31

The school of psychology that studies how humans have adapted the behaviors required for survival in the face of environmental pressures over the long course of evolution.

Question 32

biological psychology

Answer 32

The school of psychology that looks for links between specific behaviors and equally specific biological processes that often help explain individual differences.

Question 33

neuroscience

Answer 33

An interdisciplinary field that combines, biochemists, medical researchers, and other in the study of the structure and function of the nervous system.

Question 34

What is the main idea behind evolutionary psychology?

Answer 34

The main idea behind evolutionary psychology is Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection. Darwin’s theory asserts that individual members of a given species who possess characteristics that help them survive are the most likely to pass on the genes underlying those characteristics to subsequent generations.

Question 35

How is biological psychology changing the field of psychology?

Answer 35

Biological psychology is changing the field of psychology by evolutionary psychology provides explanations of how certain biologically based behaviors came to be common in an entire species.

Question 36

sociocultural approach

Answer 36

The view that social and cultural factors may be just as powerful as evolutionary and physiological factors in affecting behavior and mental processing and that these factors must be understood when interpreting the behavior of others.

Question 37

What kinds of variables interest psychologist who take a sociocultural approach?

Answer 37

Social and cultural influences on behavior are often studied within the broader context of a systems perspective. The primary idea behind the systems approach is that multiple factors work together holistically; that is, their combined, interactive influences on behavior are greater than the sum of the individual factors that make up the system.

Question 38

psychological perspectives

Answer 38

General points of view used for explaining people;s behavior and thinking, whether normal or abnormal

Question 39

What are psychological perspectives, and how are they related to an eclectic position?

Answer 39

psychological perspectives are:

behavioral perspective –– environmental factors

psychoanalytic perspective –– emotions, unconscious motivations, early childhood experiences

humanistic perspective –– subjective experiences, intrinsic motivation to achieve self-actualization

cognitive perspective –– mental process

evolutionary perspective –– inherited traits that enhance adaptability

biological perspective –– biological structures, processes, heredity

sociocultural perspective –– social and cultural variables

The perspectives are related to eclectic position by using the different perspectives to help evaluate a situation.

Question 40

Match the school of psychology with its major emphasis:

__ 1. the scientific study of behavior a. Gestalt psychology
__ 2. the perception of whole units or patterns b. humanistic psychology
__ 3. the study of the unconscious c. cognitive psychology
__ 4. the use of the computer as a model d. behaviorism
for human cognition
__ 5. the uniqueness of human beings and e. information- processing theory their capacity for personal growth

__ 6. the study of mental processes f. psychoanalysis

Answer 40

behaviorism 1. the scientific study of behavior

Gestalt 2. the perception of whole units or patterns

psychoanalysis 3. the study of the unconscious

information-processing theory 4. the use of the computer as a model for human cognition

humanistic psychology 5. the uniqueness of human beings and their capacity for personal growth

cognitive psychology 6. the study of mental processes

Question 41

A(n)______ psychologist would be interested in whether attachment is a universal feature of infant-caregiver relations.

Answer 41

An evolutionary psychologist would be interested in whether attachment is a universal feature of infant-caregiver rations.

Question 42

A(n) _______ psychologist would be interested in the relationship between hormones and aggressive behavior.

Answer 42

A biological psychologist would be interested in the relationship between hormones and aggressive behavior.

Question 43

Which of the following statements represent an eclectic position?

a. Individual differences in aggression are genetic, but parents and teachers can teach highly aggressive children to be less so.
b. Children who are highly aggressive have not received enough punishment for their inappropriate behavior.
c. Aggressive children are probably using aggression to release pent-up feelings of frustration.
d. Going through a trauma like parental divorce may lead to increased aggression in children because they are feeling anxious.

Answer 43

Which of the following statements represent an eclectic postion?

a. Individual differences in aggression are genetic, but parents and teachers can teach highly aggressive children to be less so.
d. Going through a trauma like parental divorce may lead to increased aggression in children because they are feeling anxious.