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PHGY209 > INTRO + BODY FLUIDS > Flashcards

INTRO + BODY FLUIDS Flashcards

1
Q

What is physiology defined as

A

the study of the normal, functional activities in the healthy, living organism

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2
Q

What are the basic cell functions

A

obtaining nutrients + oxygen from the environment, performing various rxns to produce energy which is used for other activities, and then releasing CO2 and wastes into the environment

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3
Q

What is the Milieu Interieur and who discovered it

A

internal environment surrounding individual cells, Claude Bernard

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4
Q

Name the 2 major conclusions Claude Bernard came to about the Milieu Interieur

A
  1. the environment surrounding individual cells is very different from the external environment
  2. the internal environment remains relatively constant when the organism is healthy
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5
Q

What is the consequence of a change in the internal environment of an organism (disruption of homeostasis)

A

disease

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6
Q

Define homeostasis and who discovered it

A

a state of dynamic consistency, Walter Cannon

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7
Q

What is the fundamental principle

A

at all levels of organization, functional activities are directed at maintaining optimal and relatively constant internal conditions

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8
Q

What are the 7 factors that must be homeostatically controlled

A
  1. conc. of nutrient molecules
  2. conc. of O2 and CO2
  3. conc. of waste
  4. conc. of electrolytes
  5. pH
  6. temperature
  7. volume and pressure
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9
Q

What are the 4 aspects of body fluids

A
  1. volume
  2. distribution
  3. characteristics
  4. functions
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10
Q

What is the most abundant single constituent in the body

A

water

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11
Q

Body water acts as a medium in which:

A

solvents are dissolved, metabolic rxns take place

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12
Q

What are the 8 main functions of water

A
  1. protection
  2. moistens tissues
  3. flushes wastes (lessens burden on kidneys)
  4. prevents constipation
  5. regulates body temp
  6. carries nutrients and O2 to cells
  7. dissolves solvents
  8. lubricates joints
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13
Q

What is the main factor that contributes to the amount of body water an individual has

A

amount of fat (adipose tissue)

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14
Q

Why does water content decrease with age

A

tissues become drier, muscle is lost and replaced by drier connective tissue, changes in bone density and increase in deposition of fat

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15
Q

When administering medication, when is body water content important?

A

administering H20 soluble medication

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16
Q

Name the 2 ways that body water remains in a constant steady state

A
  1. taken in and exchanged with environment

2. exchanged internally between different compartments

17
Q

Define obligatory losses

A

losses that we will always lose no matter how much fluid we take in:

  1. insensible losses from lungs and skin
  2. urine and stool

total: about 1.5 L

18
Q

Define insensible losses

A

losses that we are not aware of (lungs and skin)

19
Q

Define facultative losses

A

losses that vary with intake

-urine

20
Q

What is lean body mass

A

body mass minus fat; makes differences in individual’s body water content insignificant

21
Q

Differences between insensible perspiration and sweating

A

pure H2O vs electrolyte solution
passive evaporation vs. active secretion
entire skin surface vs. sweat glands
continuous vs activated by heavy weight or temp

22
Q

Can an individual who lacks sweat glands still have insensible perspiration

A

yes because it doesn’t occur in the sweat glands

23
Q

What does passive evaporation depend on

A

air temp and humidity

24
Q

What does active secretion depend on

A

energy

25
Q

What is the water turnover in adults vs. infants

A

3-4% vs. 10%

26
Q

Why do infants lose H2O faster than adults

A

greater surface area to volume ratio

27
Q

What does constant body water help maintain (2 things)

A
  1. normal solute concentration

2. normal blood volume and pressure

28
Q

What is negative H2O balance

A

losing more water than you’re taking in

29
Q

5 ways to be in negative water balance

A
  1. reduced intake
  2. excessive loss from gut (vomiting or diarrhoea)
  3. excessive sweating
  4. excessive loss in expired air (dry air in high altitudes)
  5. excessive loss from urine (diabetes)
30
Q

What is water intoxication

A

too much H2O

31
Q

2 ways to be “water intoxicated”

A
  1. excessive intake (dilutes electrolyte solution in body)

2. renal system failure (excess H2O retention)

PHGY209 (1 decks)

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