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immuno/micro exam 2 > intro- bailey > Flashcards

intro- bailey Flashcards

1
Q

what type of bacteria can grow in both aerobic and anaerobic environments?

A

Facultative anaerobes

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2
Q

which class of aerobes are most important to medicine?

A

facultative anaerobes

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3
Q

under what conditions to Oligotrophs grow? Microaerophiles? Mesophiles?

A

Oligotrophs- can grow with limited nutrients
Microaerophiles- requires low oxygen levels
Mesophiles- grow well in mild temperatures

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4
Q

what type of bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan?

A

gram-positive

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5
Q

what is the general structure of Murein?

A

long strands of N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine
-all cross-linked with peptides

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6
Q

what is NAM? where is it found?

A

1) N-acetly muramic acid

2) found on gram-positive bacteria

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7
Q

where are NAG and NAM produced? where does elongation occur?

A

1) in the bacterial cytoplasm

2) elongation occurs in the periplasmic space

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8
Q

what 2 acids are found on the outer surface of gram+ bacteria? (outer layer of the cell wall)

A

Teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid

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9
Q

what is the outer layer of gram negative bacteria?

A

LPS- lipopolysaccharide

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10
Q

where do teichoic acids attach on the cell wall? lipoteichoic acids?

A

teichoic acids- attach to NAG and NAM

lipoteichoic acids- extend into lipid membrane

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11
Q

what are the 3 regions of a LPS molecule?

A

from internal to external:

1) Lipid A
2) Polysaccharide core
3) O-antigen

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12
Q

which subunit on LPS shows the most variability?

A

the O-antigen

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13
Q

what substance is produced in response to LPS? (hint: causes toxic shock syndrome)

A

TNF-alpha

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14
Q

what receptor recognizes LPS?

A

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)

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15
Q

what receptor recognizes peptidoglycan?

A

Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)

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16
Q

which receptor recognizes teichoic acids?

A

toll-like receptor 2

17
Q

name the other 3 extracellular structures

A

1) flagella
2) Pili (fimbriae)
3) glycocalyx

18
Q

what structure involved in the attachment of bacteria to other surfaces?

A

Pili (fimbriae)

19
Q

what are Adhesins?

A

specilized proteins on the tips of fimbriae. Made specifically for adhesion to other surfaces/cells

20
Q

what are the 3 classes of flagella?

A

1) monotrichous
2) Lophotrichous
3) Peritrichous

21
Q

name the 4 basic structures of a flagella/fimbriae

A

Filament, Hook, rod, movement proteins

22
Q

what is taxis?

A

directed movement toward/away from a stimulus

23
Q

name the 4 types of taxis

A

1) chemotaxis
2) Aerotaxis
3) Osmotaxis
4) Thermotaxis

24
Q

what is a capsule

A

a well-organized, firmly attached Glycocalyx

25
Q

what is a slime layer?

A

a glycocalyx that is not firmly attached or well-organized

26
Q

how can a capsule act as a virulence factor for bacteria?

A

They can hide the cell from our bodies immune system, or create a large/bulky covering that makes it difficult for microphages to ingulf them

27
Q

which cytokines are released when a bacteria is recognized?

A

IL-1, IL-12, TNF-alpha

28
Q

name the 2 classes of bacterial pathogens

A

Opportunistic and Primary

29
Q

name the 2 types of non-specific adherence

A

Reversible and Docking

30
Q

give examples of docking adherence

A

1) Browning’s movements (random interactions)
2) electrostatic attractions
3) interaction with glycocalyx

31
Q

what does specific adherence require?

A

adhesins

32
Q

what do the adhesins of streptococcus mutans bind to?

A

the pellicle of teeth

33
Q

what adhesin is not found on fimbrae?

A

Fibronectin- found in plasma

34
Q

how do bacteria “take up” nutrients?

A
  1. Carrier-mediated diffusion (facilitated)
  2. Phosphorylation-linked transport (group translocation)
  3. Active transport (energy dependent)
35
Q

what is Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) a prime example of?

A

colonization inducing tissue pathology- leads to actin polymerization

36
Q

what are the 2 main mechanisms for bacterial colonization/invasion?

A

secretion of hyaluronidase and collagenase.

37
Q

Endotoxins:

A

Not secreted. They are on the surface of the bacterium.

Lipopolysaccharide is the most common (that’s why people call it endotoxin).

38
Q

Exotoxins

A

Exotoxins are diffusible proteins that are secreted. 3 main types (type 1, 2, 3)

39
Q

what makes a microbe a pathogen?

A 
Ability to adhere to host.
Ability to colonize the host.
Ability to replicate within given niche.
Ability to cause damage.
Invasion
Production of toxin
Activation of the immune system

immuno/micro exam 2 (7 decks)

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