Intro: Antimicrobial Agents and Pathogens Flashcards
MOA
Inhibit cell wall synthesis Inhibit protein synthesis Inhibit nucleic acid synth. Alter cell memb. function Inhibit cell metabolism
Inhibit Cell Wall
Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbapenams, Aztreonam, Glycopeptides
Inhibit Protein Synthesis
Macrolides, Clindamycin, Aminoglycosides, Tetracyclines, Oxazolidinones
Inhibit Nucleic Acid Synt.
Quinolones, Rifampin
Alter Cell Membrane Function
Polymyxins, Imididazole/Triazole antifungals, Ampotericin
Inhibit Cell Metabolism
Sulfonamides, Trimethoprim, Isoniazid, Metronidazole, Nitrofurantoin
Normal Flora
Synthesize Vitamins, compete with pathogenic organisms
Mouth Normal Flora
Anaerobes, Strep. Sp.
Small Intestine Normal Flora
Gram (+), Enterobacteriaceae, Anaerobes
Large Intestine Normal Flora
Gram (+), enterobacteriaceae, pseudomonas sp. anaerobes, candida
Upper Respiratory Tract Normal Flora
same as mouth, staph. neisseria, diphtheroids, haemophilus, pneumococci
Gram (+)
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Enterococcus
Gram (-)
Enterobacteriaceae
Pseudomonas
Haemophilus
Moraxella
Staph. epidermidis
on skin, Types of infections: catheters, prosthetics, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, UTI
Staph. aureus
on skin, colonizes nares, types of infections: pneumonia, bacteremia, sepsis, endo and osteomyelitis
Strep. pneumoniae
Gram (+) cocci in pair and chains, encapsulated, cause inflammation, types of infections: URTI, pneumonia, bacteremia/sepsis, meningitis
Beta-hemolytic Strep.
Colonize GI/GU/Mouth,
Group A: strep throat, skin/soft tissue infections (SSTI), treatment penicillin
Beta hemolytic Strep. Group B
S. agalactiae, neonatal sepsis, normal in female GU, SSTI, osteo, bacteremia, PNA
Beta hemolytic Strep. Group C/G
normal flora of skin, upper respiratory tract. URTI, SSTI, bacteremia
Beta hemolytic Strep. Group D
S. bovis, S. equinus, normal flora of GI tract, bacteremia, endocarditis
Enterococcus
Gram (+) cocci in singles, pair or short chains, normal in GI, E. faecalis, E. faecium Types of infections: UTI, Bacteremia, endo, intra-abdominal, SSTI, wound infections
Enterobacteriaceae
Gram (-) bacilli in GI, community and hospital acquired, Include: E. coli, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Shigella, Salmonella
Enterobacteriaceae
Types of infections: UTI, pneumonia, bacteremia, intra-abdominal, infectious diarrhea
Pseudomonas Sp.
infection in immunocompromised hosts, types of infections: PNA, UTI, wound infections, bacteremia, cystic fibrosis
Haemophilus influenzae
Gram (-) coccobacilli, encapsulated, 30% produce beta-lactamase, type-b virulent, types of infections: otitis media, sinusitis, conjuntivitis, CA-PNA, meningitis
Morazella catarrhalis
Gram (-) dipploccus, >75% produce beta-lactamase, types of infection: Otitis media (OM), Sinusitis, PNA
Atypical Bacteria (difficult to stain or grow on culture)
Mycoplasma- No Cell wall
Legionella-intracellular
Chlamydia-intracellular
Anaerobes
Bacteroides spp and Clostridium spp, Types of infections: abscesses, bacteremia, PNA, diabetic foot, bites, dental, female genital tract
MOR (resistance)
alteration of PBP, strep. pneumoniae resistant to penicillin and other beta-lactams, 90% of Staph. aureus produce penicillinase, inactivating enzymes: cephalosporinases, Extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBL), cabapenemases
More bacteria MOR (resistance)
efflux pumps, decreased permeability (gram (-) membranes have porins)
