Intro and posture Flashcards
Osteokinematics
Motion occurring at a joint
- movement of bones around a joint axis
Arthrokinematics
Accessory motion in the joint
- specific to movement at the joint surface
- roll, glide, spin
Parallel fibers
Arrangement of muscle fibers that tend to be longer and have a greater range of motion potential
Triangular muscle
Muscles that are flat and fan-shaped with fibers radiating from a narrow attachment at one end to a broad attachement at the other
Bipennate muscle
Muscles that look like that of a common feather
- muscle fibers are obliquely attached to both sides of a central tendon
Oblique muscle fibers
Arrangement of muscle fibers that tend to be shorter but more numerous per given area than parallel fibers; therefore giving them more strength potential but smaller range of motion potential
Fusiform muscle
Muscles witha shape similar to that of a spindle (wider in the middle and tapers at both ends where it attaches to tendons)
Unipennate muscle
Muscles that look like one side of a feather
- short fibers attach diagonally along the length of a central tendon
Rhomboidal muscle
Muscles that are four-sided, usually flat with broad attachements at each end
Strap muscle
Muscles that are long and thin with fibers running the entire length of the muscle
Multipennate muscle
Muscles with many tendons with oblique fibers in between
Irritabililty
Ability of mm to respond to stimulus
Extensibility
Mm ability to stretch or lengthen when a force is applied
Elasticity
Mm ability to recoil or return to normal resting length when the stretching or shortening force is removed
Contractility
Mm ability to shorten when it received adequate stimulation
Tone
State of readiness that allows the mm to act more easily and quickly when needed
- present in a mm at all times
Excursion
Distance form max elongation (1.5 times as far as it can shorten) to max shortening (1/2 resting length)
Agonist
Prime mover
- muscle or mm group that causes the motion
Assisting mover
Mm tat is not as effective but does assist in providing the motion
Antagonist
Mm that performs the opposite motion of the agonist
Synergist
Mm that works with one or more other mm to enhance a particular motion
Stabilizer
Mm or mm group that supports a part and allows the agonist to work more efficiently
Cocontraction
When the antagonist contracts at the same time as the agonist, a cocontraction results.
- common when a person learns a task, and they tended to disappear once a task is learned
Neutralizer
When a mm can do 2+ action but only one is wanted, neutralizer contracts to prevent unwanted motion
Determination of mm
- Size
- Angle of pull
- Leverage
- Contractile potential
Isometric contraction
Mm contracts, producing force without changing the length of a mm
- gravity is not a factor
- mm attachements do not move
- neither acceleration nor deceleration
Concentric contraction
Occurs when there is a joint movement, the muscle shorten, and the mm attachments move toward each other
- usually occurring against gravity (raising motion)
- acceleration activity
Eccentric contraction
Joint motion but the mm appears to lengthen, muscle attachments separate
- usually occurs with gravity (lowering motion)
- decelerate movement caused by gravity
Isotonic contraction
?
Isokinetic contraction
The speed of the motion stays the same for the duration of the contraction and resistance either increases or decreased
(Think machine that controls speed, harder you push more force, less you push less force)
Active insufficiency
The inability of a biarticular mm to contract sufficiently to move through the full ROM at both joints
- occurs to agonist
Passive insufficiency
The inability of a biarticulate mm to elongate sufficiently to move through the full ROM at both joints
- occurs to the antagonist
Posture
The orientation of body parts relative to one another at any give time
- static posture affects dynamic motion
- correlation to pathologies
- good posture = good alignment
Postural assessment
- position relative to neutral (anatomical and fundamental)
- address each plane of motion available to joint in question
- systemic progression from cranial to caudal
- ONLY accepted terminology
Position affects load
- supine 25%
- side lying 75%
- standing 100%
- forward flexed 150%
- FF with weight 220%
- sitting 140%
- slouched sitting 185%
- SS with weight 275%
Lateral postural assessment
- head: through ear lobe
- shoulder: tip of the acromion process
- T/S: anterior to vertebrae
- L/S: through vertebral bodies
- pelvis: level ASIS and PSIS alignment
- hip: through greater trochanter
- knee: slightly posterior to the patella
- ankle: anterior to lateral malleolus
Common sagittal deviations
- forward head
- excessive or reduced spinal curves
- rounded/forward shoulders
- anterior or posterior pelvic tilt
- genu recuvatum or flexed knee
- plantar or dorsiflexed ankle, altered longitudinal arch
Anterior postural assessment
- head: level
- shoulders: bilaterally equal
- sternum: vertical
- hips/pelvis: level in line with both ASIS
- legs: slightly apart
- knees: level without increased varus or valgus position
- ankles: neutral arch
- feet: slightly outward toeing
Common frontal deviations
- head laterally flexed, rotated; asymmetrical mandible
- elevated or depressed shoulders
- lateral flexion or rotation of spine
- rotated/elevated or depressed pelvis
- internally/externally rotated or abducted/addicted hips
- genu varum/valgum of knees
- hallux valgus, claw/hammer/mallet toes
