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ECG Both Exams don't delete (A,S,L) > Intro And Electrophysiology (Lauren) > Flashcards

Intro And Electrophysiology (Lauren) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the layers of the pericardial sac?

A

Parietal- outer fibrous layer

Visceral- inner layer

Pericardial fluid- lubricates the 2 layers

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2
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?

A

Epicardium- thin serous membrane on outer surface

Myocardium-muscular middle layer

Endocardium- thin serous membrane lining inner chambers

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of cells in the heart?

A

Myocardial cells with contractile ability

Conducting cells- pacemakers and the electrical conducting cells (bundle branches and purkinje fibers)

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4
Q

What are the points of contact between two myocardial cells called?

A

Intercalated discs

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5
Q

______ _________ in the intercalated disks permit rapid conduction of electrical impulses from one cell to the next

A

Gap Junctions

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6
Q

Myocytes all contract together as a single unit when stimulated. _________ hold the cells together during contraction

A

Desmosomes

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7
Q

What is the structure that electrically insulates the atria from the ventricles?

A

The cardiac skeleton/plate of fibrous connective tissue

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8
Q

Cardiac output= ______ X ______

A

CO= HR x SV

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9
Q

Where are baroreceptors located

A

Aorta

Carotid

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10
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system (slows/raises) the heart rate using (acetylcholine/epinephrine)

A

Slows

Acetylcholine

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11
Q

What are the 4 key properties of myocardial cells?

A

Automaticity- ability of certain cells to produce an electrical impulse independently

Excitability- ability to respond to an electrical stimulus

Conductivity- ability to transmit an electrical stimulus from cell to cell

Contractility- ability to contract when electrically stimulated

she had this in red

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12
Q

The ________ is the heart’s primary pacemaker, and its intrinsic rate is ____-____bpm.

A

SA node

60-100

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13
Q

The _________ acts as a ~gatekeeper~ for impulses reaching the ventricales by conducting impulses more slowly

A

AV node

***she said this like 3278y56789346 times

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14
Q

The (left/right) bundle branch branches into anterior and posterior fascicles to reach even father

A

Left

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15
Q

The intrinsic rate of the Purkinje fibers is _________ bpm

A

20-40

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16
Q

The intrinsic rate of the AV node is ______-______bpm

A

40-60

17
Q

The polarized/resting state of myocardial cells consists of _______ charged ions inside the cell and ______ charged ions outside the cell

A

Negatively inside

Positively outside

18
Q

The ________ _______ ________ is the difference in electrical charge between inside and outside the cell

A

Resting membrane potential

19
Q

Which ions enter the cell when it is depolarized?

A

Na+

Ca++ (enter more slowly)

20
Q

What is the absolute refractory period’/

A

After depolarization, the cell can not be depolarized again, no matter what

21
Q

What is the purpose of the absolute refractory period?

A

Keeps wave of depolarization moving forward

Prevents spasms in one area

22
Q

What is the relative refractory period?

A

In the late phase of depolarization, a very strong stimulus will cause depolarization

23
Q

________ leads have electrodes of opposite polarity (positive and negative)

A

Bipolar

24
Q

Which leads are bipolar?

A

Limb leads- I, II, III

25
Q

Unipolar leads have only a (positive/negative) electrode and a reference point determined by the ECG machine

A

Positive

26
Q

Movement toward a positive electrode will cause a ________ waveform

A

Positive

27
Q

What is the difference between vectors and the axis?

A

Vectors: many small electrical currents in various directions

Axis: overall direction of the sum of the vectors

28
Q

Which leads give you a view of the frontal plane of the heart?

A

Limb leads I, II, III

aVR

aVF

29
Q

Which leads give you a view of the horizontal plane of the heart?

A

Precordial (Chest) leads V1 to V6

30
Q

The _____ wave represents atrial depolarization

A

P

31
Q

The _____ wave represents ventricular depolarization

A

QRS

32
Q

The _____ Wave represents ventricular repolarization

A

T

33
Q

Atrial repolarization is hidden in the ______ wave

A

QRS

ECG Both Exams don't delete (A,S,L) (3 decks)

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