Intro And Chemistry

Question 1

What is Anatomy?

Answer 1

Study of Structure

Question 2

What is Physiology?

Answer 2

Study of Function

Question 3

What are the Subdivisions of anatomy

Answer 3

macroscopic anatomy (Gross) is the study of large, visible structures Regional, System, Surface Microscopic anatomy deals with structures too small to be seen by naked eye Cytology: study of cells Histology: study of tissues Developmental anatomy studies development throughout life (embryology)

Question 4

What are the Subdivisions of physiology

Answer 4

Based on organ systems (e.g., renal or cardiovascular physiology) To study physiology, one must understand basic physical principles (e.g., electrical currents, pressure, and movement) as well as basic chemical principles

Question 5

principle of complementarity of structure and function

Answer 5

Anatomy and physiology are inseparable Function always reflects structure What a structure can do depends on its specific form

Question 6

What are the requirements of life?

Answer 6

Maintaining boundaries Movement Responsiveness Digestion Metabolism Excretion Reproduction Growth

Question 7

Integumentary System

Answer 7

Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and housescutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands.

Question 8

Skeletal System

Answer 8

Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals.

Question 9

Muscular System

Answer 9

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat.

Question 10

Nervous System

Answer 10

As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.

Question 11

Endocrine System

Answer 11

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

Question 12

Cardiovascular System

Answer 12

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.

Question 13

Lymphatic System/Immunity

Answer 13

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body.

Question 14

Respiratory System

Answer 14

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.

Question 15

Digestive System

Answer 15

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.

Question 16

Urinary System

Answer 16

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood

Question 17

Male Reproductive System

Answer 17

Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.

Question 18

Female Reproductive System

Answer 18

Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.

Question 19

Survival Needs

Answer 19

Humans need several factors for survival that must be in the appropriate amounts; too much or too little can be harmful: Nutrients Oxygen Water Normal body temperature Appropriate atmospheric pressure

Question 20

Homeostasis

Answer 20

Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment despite continuous outside changes A dynamic state of equilibrium

Question 21

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

Answer 21

Involve continuous monitoring and regulation of many factors (variables) Nervous and endocrine systems accomplish the communication via nerve impulses and hormones

Question 22

negative feedback

Answer 22

Changes in one direction tend to cause the body to return conditions to normal. This keeps variations in the body within limits that are compatible with survival. Dynamic Constancy: the body tries to keep as close to a “set point” as possible

Question 23

Regulation of Blood Volume by ADH

Answer 23

Receptors sense decreased blood volume Control center in hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH) ADH causes the kidneys (effectors) to return more water to the blood

Question 24

Body Planes

Answer 24

Medial Transverse Frontal (Sagital)

Question 25

A particular effector causes a rise in blood glucose concentration. If this effector is activated as part of a negative feedback loop, you would expect it to be activated when:

Answer 25

a. the blood glucose concentration rises. b. the blood glucose concentration falls. c. when there is no change in blood glucose concentration. d. all of the above.

Question 26

Major Elements of the Human Body

Answer 26

Oxygen (O) Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Nitrogen (N) (Around 96%)

Question 27

Hydrogen Bonds

Answer 27

Attractive force between electropositive hydrogen of one molecule and an electronegative atom of another molecule Common between dipoles such as water Also act as intramolecular bonds, holding a large molecule in a three-dimensional shape

Question 28

Biochemistry

Answer 28

the study of chemical composition and reactions of living matter All chemicals either organic or inorganic

Question 29

Inorganic compounds

Answer 29

Water, salts, and many acids and bases Do not contain carbon

Question 30

Organic compounds

Answer 30

Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids Contain carbon, are usually large, and are covalently bonded

Question 31

Acids and bases

Answer 31

are both electrolytes Ionize and dissociate in water

Question 32

Acids

Answer 32

Are proton donors: they release hydrogen ions (H+), bare protons (have no electrons) in solution Example: HCl → H+ + Cl– Important acids: HCl (hydrochloric acid), HC2H3O2 (acetic acid, abbreviated HAc), and H2CO3 (carbonic acid)

Question 33

Bases

Answer 33

Are proton acceptors: they pick up H+ ions in solution Example: NaOH → Na+ + OH– When a base dissolves in solution, it releases a hydroxyl ion (OH –) Important bases Bicarbonate ion (HCO3–) and ammonia (NH3)

Question 34

pH scale

Answer 34

pH scale is measurement of concentration of hydrogen ions [H+] in a solution The more hydrogen ions in a solution, the more acidic that solution is pH is negative logarithm of [H+] in moles per liter that ranges from 0–14 pH scale is logarithmic, so each pH unit represents a 10-fold difference Example: a pH 5 solution is 10 times more acidic than a pH 6 solution

Question 35

Buffers

Answer 35

resist abrupt and large swings in pH: can release hydrogen ions if pH rises, can bind hydrogen ions if pH falls Convert strong acids or bases (completely dissociated) into weak ones (slightly dissociated) Carbonic acid–bicarbonate system (important buffer system of blood):

Question 36

Chemical Equations

Answer 36

Chemical reactions occur when chemical bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken These reactions can be written in symbolic forms called chemical equations Chemical equations contain: Reactants: substances entering into reaction together Product(s): resulting chemical end products Amounts of reactants and products are shown in balanced equations

Question 37

Synthesis Reaction

Answer 37

Smaller particles are bonded together to form larger, more complex molecules.

Question 38

Decomposition Reactions

Answer 38

Bonds are broken in larger molecules, resulting in smaller, less complex molecules.

Question 39

Exchange Reactions

Answer 39

Bonds are both made and broken (also called displacement reactions).

Question 40

Carbohydrates

Answer 40

Sugars and starches Contain C, H, and O [(CH20)n] Three classes Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides Functions Major source of cellular fuel (e.g., glucose) Structural molecules (e.g., ribose sugar in RNA)

Question 41

Lipids

Answer 41

Contain C, H, O (less than in carbohydrates), and sometimes P Insoluble in water Main types: triglycerides Phospholipids Steroids Eicosanoids

Question 42

Triglycerides

Answer 42

Neutral fats—solid fats and liquid oils Composed of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule Main functions Energy storage Insulation Protection

Question 43

Phospholipids

Answer 43

Modified triglycerides: Glycerol + two fatty acids and a phosphorus (P)-containing group “Head” and “tail” regions have different properties Important in cell membrane structure

Question 44

Proteins

Answer 44

Polymers of amino acids (20 types) Joined by peptide bonds Contain C, H, O, N, and sometimes S and P

Question 45

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Answer 45

Four bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) Double-stranded helical molecule in the cell nucleus Provides instructions for protein synthesis Replicates before cell division, ensuring genetic continuity

Question 46

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Answer 46

Four bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and uracil (U) Single-stranded molecule mostly active outside the nucleus Three varieties of RNA carry out the DNA orders for protein synthesis messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA

Question 47

Which of the following molecules is a lipid?

Answer 47

a. an amino acid b. a steroid c. a nucleotide d. a disaccharide

Question 48

Which of the following is (are) a protein?

Answer 48

a. Enzymes. b. Some hormones. c. Membrane transport carriers. d. All of the above