Intro and Ancient Civilization Flashcards
marked a shift to new manufacturing processes in the late 18th century.
Industrial Revolution
transformed society through adoption of digital technology in the late 20th century.
Digital Revolution
is shaping the future by integrating artificial intelligence into various aspects of life
AI Revolution
Is the pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding of the natural world following a systematic methodology based on evidence.
Science
Scientific Methodology includes
- Objective observation: Measurement and data (possibly although not necessarily using mathematics as a tool)
- Evidence
- Experiment and/ or observation as benchmarks for testing hypotheses
- Induction: reasoning to establish general rules or conclusions drawn from facts or example
- Repetition
- Critical analysis
- Verification and testing: critical exposure to scrutiny, peer review, and assessments
Came from two Greek words, transliterated techne and logos.
TECHNOLOGY
means art, skill, craft, or the way, manner, or means by which is gained.
Techne
means word, the utterance by which inward thought is expressed, a saying, or an expression. So, literally, technology means words or discourse about the way things are gained.
Logos
A large group of people who live together in an organized way, making decisions about how to do things and sharing the work that needs to be done.
Society
Oldest known footprints of Australopithecines (southern apes). A species that lived in Eastern and between 4.5 and 2.5 million years ago
Stone Age
British Paleoanthropologist, discovered the first fossilized Proconsul skull and Zinjanthropus
Mary Douglas Leakey
Members of this species bore a combination of humanlike and apelike traits.
- Bipedal with small brains like apes
- Canine teeth were smaller than apes, but cheek teeth were larger than modern humans
- Carried stone cobbles and large pebbles long distances from the rivers, they used found objects as tools
- Not the only creatures that use tools
- Won’t survive without tools, and only humans have been shaped by the tools they use.
Australopithecus
- Carried cobbles up to nine miles from the riverbeds show that they could plan, no other apes could do.
- Cobbles as hammers and made choppers by removing flakes from both sides, an improvement over their predecessors’ tools.
Homo Habilis “Handy Man
- Jaws and teeth were smaller than Homo Habilis, and arms were shorter, but the legs were longer
- Much less adept at biting, chewing, and climbing trees than earlier species.
- Tools were more developed than their predecessors
- Hand axes and cleavers can weigh up to 5 pounds (2.27kg)
- Used to butcher animals, to scrape skins, and to carve wood.
- Mastered fire, protecting themselves from predators, frightening animals, warmed themselves, and roasted meat.
- Migrate from tropical Africa to other continents
Homo Erectus “Standing Man”
- Sometime between 150,000 and 100,000 years ago in Africa evolved
- Brain as large and jaws and teeth as small as ours
Homo Sapiens “Wise Man”
- Physically exactly like modern humans
- 2 species lived side by side in the Levant (lands bordering Eastern Mediterranean), but didn’t interbreed
- Made different stone tools for different purposes: stone spearpoints attached to wooden shafts, blades of various sizes, and curved scrapers used to prepare hides, among others and used to cut wood, to saw bones, to cut meat, and to scrape antlers
Archaic Homo Sapiens
- 2 distinct species within the genus Homo sapiens: one with thick brows, strong bones, and the physique of a wrestler, after the Neander Valley in Germany where their remains were first found
- Vanished 35,000 – 40,000 years ago
Neanderthals
70,000 years ago, an explosion of innovations began, not only in tools but also in aspects of life unknown to previous hominids: art, religion, and ocean navigation. Some anthropologists call this event the ___ ____
Big Bang
The place people began growing food was the Middle East, specifically a region called the _______ ________ that stretches north along the Mediterranean from Palestine through Syria and then southeast into the hills of Iran that overlook the Tigris-Euphrates Valley.
Fertile Crescent
Food?
- Edible seeds, wild wheat and barley
- Early gardeners select seeds through a process of trial and error
- Generally adapted their activities to the cycle of plant growth
- Settled down in villages and made pots to cook their food.
What were the first domesticated animals?
Dogs (probably)
Domesticated Animals offer valuable addition to the lives of the early farmers as they can
be slaughtered and eaten at any time, not just at the end of a successful hunt or after the harvest like vegetables.
