Intro-Anatomy-Normal Voice Development

Question 1

What are the 3 perceptual characteristics of sound with their physical correlates?

Answer 1

Pitch - frequency
Loudness or intensity - amplitude
Quality or timbre - harmonic constitution or waveform

Question 2

What is frequency?

What does it describe?

Answer 2

The number of vibrations per second.

Description of the speed at which molecules are moving.

Question 3

One vibration is equal to what?

Answer 3

One compression AND rarefaction cycle.

Question 4

What is frequency measured in?

Answer 4

Hertz = cycles per second

Question 5

What 4 things is frequency determined by?

Answer 5

1) size of the sound source
2) material or composition of the source
3) shape of the source
4) manner in which the sound source is set into motion

Question 6

What is an octave?

Answer 6

Interval between any two notes in which the ratio of frequencies of the notes is 2:1

Question 7

What is the frequency of middle C on a piano?

Answer 7

261 Hz

Question 8

What is the average frequency of a male voice? Female?

Answer 8

Male = 130 Hz
Female = 210 Hz

Question 9

What is intensity? What is intensity measured in?

Answer 9

Intensity is the amount of energy expended - measured in decibels (dB)

Question 10

Two sounds of the same frequency with different intensity differ how?

Answer 10

There is greater displacement.

Question 11

What determines the quality of what we hear in a voice?

Answer 11

Harmonic constitution or waveform

Question 12

What is a periodic sound?

Answer 12

Sound produced in continuous, regular pattern. Produced with harmonics or overtones which are pleasant and less dissonant to the listener.

Question 13

What is an aperiodic sound?

Answer 13

Sound that does not have a harmonic relationship that exists in periodic tones. Can have components at all frequencies.

Question 14

_______ has both periodic and aperiodic complex sounds.

Answer 14

Speech

Question 15

_____ are more periodic than ______ sounds.

Answer 15

Vowels; consonants.

Question 16

What are the 3 main areas in which we target a person’s voice in therapy?

Answer 16

1 - frequency
2 - intensity
3 - quality

Question 17

Speech occurs as a result of what 4 main processes?

Answer 17

1 - respiration
2 - phonation
3 - resonance
4 - articulation

Question 18

What is the source of strength for the voice?

Answer 18

Respiration

Question 19

Respiration for speech and singing requires sustained _______.

Answer 19

Exhalation

Question 20

What structures comprise the respiratory tract?

Answer 20

Nose and mouth, nasopharynx and oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, trachea, tracheal bifurcation, broncial tubes, bronchioles, and alveolar sacs

Question 21

What is the glottis?

Answer 21

Space between the true vocal folds

Question 22

What is the ventricle?

Answer 22

The space between the true and false vocal folds

Question 23

What are the 2 main purposes of the ventricle?

Answer 23

Provides a space for the VF to vibrate; provides lubrication for the true VF.

Question 24

What is the primary muscle of respiratory control?

Answer 24

Diaphragm

Question 25

At rest breathing is a(n) ________ process.

Answer 25

Passive

Question 26

For voice or speech, exhalation is a(n) _______ process.

Answer 26

Active

Question 27

What structure produces phonation?

Answer 27

Larynx

Question 28

What are the 3 primary functions of the laryngeal valve?

Answer 28

1 - protect the lungs 2 - set the thoracic cavity for greater strength in lifting and pushing 3 - preventing exhalation to build up pressure for a cough to dislodge foreign matter

Question 29

Voice is a(n) _______ function of the larynx.

Answer 29

Overlaid

Question 30

The larynx is capable of forming a valve because of what three things?

Answer 30

1 - fixed framework 2 - abduction/adduction (intrinsic muscles) 3 - framework support (extrinsic muscles)

Question 31

What are the 6 types of cartilages in the larynx? Are there one or two of each cartilage?

Answer 31

``` 1 - cricoid cartilage (1) 2 - thyroid cartilage (1) 3 - arytenoid cartilages (2) 4 - cuneiform cartilages (2) 5 - corniculate cartilages (2) 6 - epiglottis (1) ```

Question 32

What are the cartilages of the larynx covered with?

Answer 32

Perichondrium (aka conus elasticus)

Question 33

What cartilage forms the base for the laryngeal structures?

Answer 33

Cricoid cartilage

Question 34

What is the cricoid cartilage connected to the thyroid cartilage with?

Answer 34

Cricothyroid ligament

Question 35

What is significant about the cricothyroid ligament?

Answer 35

It is the site of a tracheotomy

Question 36

What is the main important protective cartilage?

Answer 36

Thyroid cartilage

Question 37

The inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage articulates with what?

Answer 37

Cricoid cartilage

Question 38

With muscle contraction, what three directions does the thyroid cartilage rock?

Answer 38

Forward, up, and back

Question 39

What does the superior horn of the thyroid cartilage articulate with?

Answer 39

Hyoid bone

Question 40

The large lamina of the thyroid cartilage encloses the larynx in what two directions?

Answer 40

Anteriorly and laterally (not posteriorly!!)

Question 41

What are the pyramid shaped structures located on the posterior/superior cricoid cartilage?

Answer 41

Arytenoid cartilages

Question 42

What are the three processes of the arytenoid cartilages?

Answer 42

Vocal processes Muscular processes Apices

Question 43

What do the vocal processes attach to?

Answer 43

They project forward and are attached to the posterior ends of the true vocal folds

Question 44

Where are the muscular processes located?

Answer 44

They are the lateral posterior projections (the ones in the back)

Question 45

Where are the apices located?

Answer 45

Medial superior posterior projections

Question 46

What are directly above the apices?

Answer 46

Corniculates

Question 47

What are the 3 basic movements that occur with contraction of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx? What does each movement cause?

Answer 47

1 - rotate = ad/ab-duct the vocal folds 2 - slide = move out and down to open and close glottis 3 - rock = tip backward and forward to change the length of the vocal folds

Question 48

What do the corniculate cartilages extend into?

Answer 48

Aryepiglottic folds

Question 49

What are the cuneiform cartilages?

Answer 49

Tiny cone cartilage pieces located under the mucous membrane of the arepiglottic folds

Question 50

What are the main functions of the extrinsic muscles of the larynx? What is their secondary function?

Answer 50

Give the larynx support and elevate or lower the larynx position in the neck. Secondary function in pitch changes.

Question 51

What are the two primary types of extrinsic laryngeal muscles?

Answer 51

Elevators and depressors

Question 52

What is the function of elevators?

Answer 52

To life the larynx during swallowing; slight life of larynx for singing high pitches

Question 53

What is the function of depressors?

Answer 53

To lower the larynx after swallowing; lower the larynx for low singing notes

Question 54

What is the cricopharyngeus?

Answer 54

An extrinsic muscle of the larynx that helps anchor the larynx; it's the neoglottis in esophageal speech.

Question 55

How many intrinsic muscles of the larynx are there?

Answer 55

6

Question 56

What are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx primary responsible for?

Answer 56

Condition and position of the vocal folds

Question 57

What is the only unpaired intrinsic muscle of the larynx?

Answer 57

The transverse arytenoid

Question 58

What are the 6 intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

Answer 58

``` 1 - posterior cricoarytenoids 2 - lateral cricoarytenoids 3 - cricothyroids 4 - transverse arytenoid 5 - oblique arytenoids 6 - thryoarytenoids ```

Question 59

What is the only AB-ductor intrinsic muscle of the larynx?

Answer 59

The posterior cricoarytenoids

Question 60

What is the function of the posterior cricoarytenoids?

Answer 60

To rock the arytenoids dorsally to open the glottis

Question 61

What is the function of the lateral cricoarytenoids?

Answer 61

AD-ductors that pull the muscular processes anteriorly and the vocal processed medially to approximate and slightly tense the VF.

Question 62

What are the 2 portions of the cricothyroids?

Answer 62

Vertical and oblique

Question 63

What does contraction of the cricothyroids cause?

Answer 63

An increase in distance between the thyroid and the arytenoid cartilages, which stretches and tenses the VF.

Question 64

What is the function of the transverse arytenoid?

Answer 64

Contraction pulls the arytenoid cartilages together to approximate the vocal folds

Question 65

What muscles form an "x" on the back of the arytenoids?

Answer 65

The oblique arytenoids

Question 66

What is the function of the oblique arytenoids?

Answer 66

Contraction pulls arytenoids medially

Question 67

What muscle forms the bulk of the muscular portion of the true vocal folds?

Answer 67

Thyroarytenoid muscles

Question 68

When the thyroarytenoid muscles move the arytenoids forward, what 2 things happen?

Answer 68

The vocal folds are shortened and thickened!

Question 69

What are the two portions of t he thyroarytenoid muscles?

Answer 69

The lateral portion is the thyromuscularis portion. | The medial portion is the vocalis portion.

Question 70

Stretching the VF decreases ____________ and therefore pitch________________.

Answer 70

Mass per unit length | Rises

Question 71

What does it mean that the thyroarytenoid is antagonistic to the cricothyroid?

Answer 71

They pull the arytenoids in opposite directions.

Question 72

What is the inner border of the VF?

Answer 72

vocal ligament

Question 73

Where does the vocal ligament originate/extend to?

Answer 73

Originates at anterior commissure and extends to the vocal process end of arytenoids

Question 74

What is the anterior commissure?

Answer 74

Where the VF come together at the larynx

Question 75

What is another name for the false vocal folds?

Answer 75

Ventricular folds

Question 76

Where are the ventricular folds?

Answer 76

Above the true vocal folds and the laryngeal ventricle

Question 77

What is the laryngeal ventricle?

Answer 77

Deep indentation in the mucous membrane between the false and true folds

Question 78

What are two main functions of the laryngeal ventricle?

Answer 78

It's the site of a generous supply of mucous glands to lubricate the true folds; serves as a space in which the folds can move into during vibration

Question 79

By adulthood, the larynx has moved to the lower edge of the ___ vertebrae.

Answer 79

7th

Question 80

Increases in the length of the pharyngeal tube contributes to a lower what?

Answer 80

Fundamental frequency

Question 81

True and false vocal folds respond deferentially depending on what?

Answer 81

The psycho-physiological state of the person.

Question 82

What is the average fundamental frequency of an infant at birth?

Answer 82

500 Hz

Question 83

What is the average fundamental frequency of 7-8 year olds?

Answer 83

280 Hz

Question 84

In what dimension does the male larynx outgrow the female larynx?

Answer 84

Anterior-posterior

Question 85

What is transient dysphonia? What is it characterized by?

Answer 85

Abnormal quality to the voice that occurs during puberty; characterized by sudden voice breaks and harsh or hoarse quality

Question 86

What is transient dysphonia AKA?

Answer 86

Stormy mutation period

Question 87

What is the average fundamental frequency of an adult male voice? Female?

Answer 87

``` Male = 130 Hz Female = 210 Hz ```

Question 88

What factors contribute to voice changes in older adults?

Answer 88

Muscular atrophy, thinning and dehydration of the mucosa, loss of elasticity of ligaments, calcification of cartilages, flaccidity, bowing of the vocal folds, and edema