Intro A&P 1 Flashcards
anatomy
the study of internal and external structures of the body
-what they are made of
-where they are located
-how they are associated with each other
physiology
the study of functions of anatomical structure
-what the body does
-includes individual and cooperative functions
atomic level (LOO)
smallest unit of an element that maintains its properties
molecular level (LOO)
-combined atoms
-different properties than single atoms
(combining changes the properties)
cellular level (LOO)
-smallest unit where life occurs
-performs specific functions
tissue level (LOO)
-group of cells working together
-the group of cells perform a function
(divided into four different groups that perform various functions)
organ level (LOO)
-two or more different types of tissues that are combined to form different tasks
(often perform multiple tasks)
organ system level (LOO)
-groups of organs
-perform generalized set of functions
(multiple functions that work with different systems for other functions)
organismal level (LOO)
-organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis
digestive system
-food processing
-water/nutrient absorption
cardiovascular system
-distributes cells, gasses, chemicals, and wastes
-temperature control
urinary system
-removal of liquid waste
-regulates water balance
endocrine system
-body regulation
-directs long-term changes (ex. development)
(hormone control, growth, etc. ; a lot of the glands in here excrete through blood)
respiratory system
-gas exchange
-communication
nervous system
-communication
-body control
-detects/interprets sensory input (more immediate response to changes)
skeletal system
-support, protection
-stores minerals
-produces blood cells
lymphatic and immune system
-defend against infections (returns tissue fluid to blood after checking for infection)
[another set of vessels that flow throughout the body]
muscular system
-movement
-support
-generates heat
integumentary system
-protection
-temperature storage
-sensory
-fat storage
reproductive system
female: egg and offspring development
male: sperm production and sperm delivery to female
homeostasis
physically and chemically balanced environment in the body
intrinsic
inside the cell
extrinsic
outside the cell
negative feedback
-when something is brought back to homeostasis (back to normal range from high or low levels)
1. variable moves away from homeostasis
2. receptor detects change
3. effector reduces the effect of the stimulus on the receptor
ex) body temperature
positive feedback
the body allows the change to keep occurring (body moves away from homeostasis)
-response of the effector increases change of the stimulus
ex) blood clots, childbirth
dynamic equilibrium
around a set point, but continual adaption (constantly changing, but in a set range)
superior vs inferior
higher level vs lower level
caudal vs cranial
towards tail vs towards head
proximal vs distal
towards the base vs. away from the base
lateral vs medial
away from the midline vs towards the midline
anterior (ventral) vs interior (dorsal)
the front vs the back
functions of body cavities
-protects organs from accidental shock
-allows changes in size and shape of internal organs
body cavities are lined in ___ that ___
- watery membranes
- covers organs and cavity walls, keeps surfaces moist, and reduce friction
ventral body cavity (coelom)
divided by the diaphragm and consist of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
thoracic cavity
consists of heart and lungs
abdominopelvic cavity
digestive, reproductive, and excretory organs
