Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology Practice > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

sources of drugs

A

plants
animals
inorganic
synthetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

chemical name of drugs

A

describes a drugs chemical composition and molecular structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

generic name of drugs

A

the original designation that the drug is given when the drug company applies for approval of the drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

trade/brand name

A

the name given by the drug company who developed it once the drug is approved for use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

classification of drugs

A

therapeutic and pharmacological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

therapeutic classification

A

describes what is being treated by the drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

pharmacological classification

A

describes how the drug acts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

bioavailability

A

is the rate and extent to which the active ingredients is absorbed from a drug product and becomes available at the site of drug action to produce an effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

dissolution

A

identify the rate in which drugs are absorbed by the body with number one having the fastest absorption rate and number six the slowest absorption rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

study of what the body does to the drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

study of what the drug does to the body and the drugs mechanism of action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

pharmacotherapeutics

A

putting pharmaceutics, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics into clinical practice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

absorption -> distribution -> metabolism -> excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

absorption

A

rate at which the drug enters the body until it enters the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what routes bypass absorption and why

A

intravenous and intra-arterial because the drugs are placed directly into the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

factors that affect absorption

A 
blood flow in the stomach/intestines
ph in the stomach
surface area of the small intestine (villi)
health of the small intestine (crohn's disease)
food or fluid in the intestines 
bowel resection
age 
infection or exercise
form of drug - composition (liquid)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

routes of administration

A 
enteral 
sublingual (SL)/buccal
topical
parenteral
subcutaneous (SC)
intramuscular (IM)
intravenous (IV)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

enteral route

A

drugs are delivered to the gastrointestinal tract either by the oral route or by nasogastric or gastrostomy tubes
often the route that is intended for general circulation (a few drugs given orally are site specific for the GI tract)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

enteral route - tablets and capsules

A 
the dissolution of the capsule or tablet is the slowest part of absorption
enteric coating (EC) protects the tablet fro the stomach acid. Designed to dissolve in an alkaline environment. Prevent irritation of stomach mucosa
XR (extended release, SR (sustained release), LA (long acting) are designed to dissolve very slowly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

sublingual/buccal route

A

enteral routes but the medication is not swallowed, instead kept in mouth
sublingual is under the tongue
buccal is between the gum and cheek
mucosa of the mouth has extensive capillaries that provides an excellent absorptive surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

topical

A

medications applied to the skin or mucous membranes
skin is most common
mucosal application includes ears, eyes, nose, respiratory tract, vagina, rectum
most are administered to have a local effect (topical antibiotics) but there are some that are administered fr a systemic effect (nitroglycerin)
transdermal patches avoid first pass effect and bypass digestive enzymes
absorb very slowly because the skin’s keratin layer must be penetrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

parenteral

A 
by injection (ID, SC, IM) or intravenous the drug is delivered into the skin layers (intradermal ID), subcutaneous tissue (subcutaneous SC), muscles (intramuscular IM), veins (intravenous IV)
less common routes include intra-arterial, bone (intraosseous), body cavities (intrathecal), organs (intra-cardiac)
bypass the liver therfore bypass first pass effect fastest but potentially the most harmful
more invasive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

subcutaneous or intramuscular route

A

muscles have greater blood supply than fatty tissues
absorption increases with massage, heat, activity = causes vasodilation
absorption decreases with cold = vasoconstriction

24
Q

intravenous route

A

most common parenteral route
fastest onset but most dangerous
rapid effect with maximum degree of control over the amount of drug delivered
bolus = full amount of the drug is delivered to systemic circulation immediately
intermittent = infused over a longer period of time with lower peak plasma concentrations and increased circulating duration
large volume infusion = fluid maintenance, supplementation, or replacement (potassium)

25
Q

distribution

A

transporting of the drug into body by blood stream into circulation
some sites distribute the drug differently: bones, blood brain barrier

26
Q

metabolism

A

transformation of a drug into an inactive substance

once the drug enters the body the process of elimination begins (hepatic, urinary, and biliary)

27
Q

excretion

A

elimination of drugs from the body

28
Q

half life

A

the length of time it takes for the drugs concentration to decrease by one half

29
Q

terminology = onset

A

the time to elicit therapeutic response

30
Q

terminology = duration of action

A

length of time drug is sufficient to elicit therapeutic response

31
Q

terminology = peak

A

maximum therapeutic response

32
Q

terminology = trough

A

the lowest level of drug in the body

33
Q

terminology = loading dose

A

a large initial dose

34
Q

factors influencing drug effects

A 
weight
muscle content
ph balance
hydration 
diseases 
genetic
allergies
placebo effect
environment
tolerance
successive doses/double dosing
two or more drugs taken at same time and interacting
food
35
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

the relationship between the drug and the physiological response

36
Q

receptor interaction

A

joining of drug molecule with reactive sites along the cell or tissue
agonist vs. antagonist

37
Q

enzyme interaction

A

drugs can inhibit the action of a specific enzyme to reach therapeutic effects
drugs fool the enzyme, bind to it to prevent the action of the enzyme

38
Q

drug reactions

A

side effects = undesirable effect to a medication that is expected
adverse effects = more serious than side effects
allergic reactions = an immunologic hypersensitivity reaction

39
Q

unintentional adverse effects that are treatment induced

A 
dermatologic 
nephrotoxic - renal damage
blood dyscrasia 
hepatotoxic - liver toxicity 
neurotoxic - neural toxicity 
cardio toxic 
skeletal muscle toxicity
bone marrow toxicity
40
Q

drug related effects

A

teratogenic - structural defects in the unborn fetus
mutagenic - permanent changes in genetic composition of living organisms chromosomes and DNA, carcinogenic, exogenous factors

41
Q

toxicology

A

the study of poisons and unwanted responses to therapeutic agents
poison control centers are equipped with information needed for the treatment of poisoned patients or overdoses

42
Q

drug approval process

A

scientific testing to ensure drugs are safe before marketing

43
Q

phases of drug development - pre-clinical research

A

chemicals that may have therapeutic value are tested extensively in the laboratory on human and microbial cells cultured in the laboratory and eventually on animals to see how the drug acts and predict potential harm to humans

44
Q

phases of drug development - phase 1

A

conducted on 20-80 healthy human volunteers for several months to test drugs and assess adverse effects
focus is safety

45
Q

phases of drug development - phase 2

A

drug is tested on several hundred patients with the disease that the drug is meant to treat

46
Q

phases of drug development - phase 3

A

using the drug in a vast clinical market (large number of patients with the disease)
looks at patient variability and drug interactions

47
Q

canadian drug legislation purposes

A

to protect the consumer from drugs that are contaminated, adulterated, or unsafe for use
to address drugs that are labeled falsely or labeling that may be misleading and or deceptive

48
Q

drug schedules

A

prescription drug list: all prescription
schedule G: control drugs; potential for abuse
schedule C: radiopharmaceutical drugs
schedule D: biological products
Narcotics: (narcotic control act)
OTC: over the counter medications do not appear on any schedule

49
Q

drug misuse

A

use of a drug for purposes other than those for which it is inteneded

50
Q

drug abuse

A

dependence on a substance that has negative impact on the body

51
Q

tolerance

A

decreased effect of a substance that results from repeated exposure

52
Q

addiction

A

uncontrollable dependence on a substance that cessation causes severe emotional, mental, or physiologic reactions

53
Q

cautions with use of over the counter medications

A

delay in professional diagnosis and treatment
symptoms may be masked
inactive ingredients may cause adverse reactions
potential for overdose
drug interactions

54
Q

forms of herbs

A

dried herbs
fresh herbs
oils = made by soaking dried dried herbs in oil then heating for extended time
salves = semisolid fatty preparations, made by melting a wax in oil and allowing it to cool and harden
tinctures = made by soaking fresh or dried herbs in a solvent (water or alcohol)
teas = steeping herbs in water can be drank, put in a bath, or applied topically as a compress
extracts = made by isolating certain components resulting in a more reliable dose
syrups = usually made by adding a sweetener, usually honey or sugar, to the herb and then cooking it

55
Q

forms of herbs

A

dried herbs
fresh herbs
oils = made by soaking dried dried herbs in oil then heating for extended time
salves = semisolid fatty preparations, made by melting a wax in oil and allowing it to cool and harden
tinctures = made by soaking fresh or dried herbs in a solvent (water or alcohol)
teas = steeping herbs in water can be drank, put in a bath, or applied topically as a compress
extracts = made by isolating certain components resulting in a more reliable dose
syrups = usually made by adding a sweetener, usually honey or sugar, to the herb and then cooking it

56
Q

required labels

A

scientific names; part of plant used
manufacturer’s name and address
batch and lot number
date of manufacture and expiration

Pharmacology Practice (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions